>>> "INSIDE: RESHAPING WORK."

ADAPTING TO OUR CHANGING ECONOMY.

>> WELCOME TO THE LATEST EDITION OF WOSU'S INSIDE PROJECT WHERE WE DIVE DEEP INTO A TOPIC VITAL TO OUR COMMUNITY.

THIS IS "INSIDE: RESHAPING WORK. "

THE WAY WE WORK IS CHANGING AND CHANGING FAST.

ADVANCED MANUFACTURING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARE CREATING JOBS AND THREATENING JOBS.

MORE AND MORE PEOPLE QUESTION THE VALUE OF A COLLEGE DEGREE.

IMMIGRANTS ARE PLAYING A GROWING ROLE IN OUR ECONOMY.

THE SHIFTS ARE CREATING OPPORTUNITIES AND UNCERTAINTY FOR EMPLOYERS, WORKERS AND FAMILIES AROUND THE COUNTRY AND HERE IN CENTRAL OHIO.

OVER THE NEXT HOUR WE'LL EXPLORE WHAT THESE CHANGES MEAN FOR OUR COMMUNITY.

LET'S START WITH WHERE OUR ECONOMY AND WORKFORCE ARE NOW AND WHERE THEY ARE HEADING IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

THERE IS ONE CONSTANT IN THIS WORLD OF CHANGE, CHANGE IS HERE TO STAY, FOR WORKERS AND EMPLOYERS.

>> PEOPLE CAN NO LONGER EXPECT AND HAVEN'T BEEN FOR QUITE SOME TIME TO BE ABLE TO STAY IN THE SAME JOB WITH THE SAME COMPANY AND THE SAME RELIABLE OLD PENSION.

SO PEOPLE DO NEED TO BE ABOUT TO ADAPT, THEY NEED TO BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE SKILLS THEY HAVE AND TALK ABOUT THE WAYS IN WHICH THOSE SKILLS TRANSFER ACROSS INDUSTRIES.

>> TRANSFERRING SKILLS SEEMS TO BE MORE AND MORE IMPORTANT IN TODAY'S ECONOMY.

AND TO GET OUR CONVERSATION GOING, WE ARE JOINED NOW BY LISA PATT-McDANIEL, THE CEO OF ASPYR, A WORKFORCE INNOVATION ORGANIZATION.

SHE HAS WORKED IN THIS AREA FOR YEARS AND HAS SEEN A LOT OF CHANGE.

WELCOME TO THE SHOW, LISA.

>> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME.

>> AND I JUST MENTIONED THE ONLY CONSTANT IS CHANGE SO HOW DO WE PLAN AND PREPARE FOR THE WORKER OF TOMORROW WHEN WE DON'T KNOW WHAT TOMORROW IS?

>> THAT IS A VERY GOOD QUESTION.

I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE ALWAYS SAY IS, IN WORKFORCE IS YOU HAVE TO BE A CONTINUOUS LEARNER, OPEN TO FIGURING OUT WHAT SKILLS DO I NEED TO KEEP UP ON, WHAT SKILLS DO I NEED TO LEARN NEXT?

YOU CAN'T JUST ASSUME BECAUSE YOU HAVE A CREDENTIAL OR YOU'VE BEEN IN A JOB FOR FIVE YEARS OR YOU'VE GOT A DEGREE, THAT THAT IS GOING TO STATISTICALLY PREPARE YOU FOR THE REST OF YOUR CAREER.

AND SO --GOING TO HAVE TO LEARN TO BE CURIOUS, ADAPT, TRY TO CONTINUOUSLY LEARN WHAT'S NEXT.

>> SO ARE THE DAYS OF HAVING ONE JOB FOR 30 TO 40 YEARS, IS THAT OVER?

>> THAT'S WAY OVER.

>> BEEN OVER.

OKAY.

>> HOW DO YOU --PEOPLE ARE MID-CAREER, THOUGH, HOW DO YOU TALK TO THEM AND CONVINCE THEM THAT LIKE, YES, LEARNING SOMETHING NEW, BEING THAT LIFELONG LEARNER IS VALUABLE.

>> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION TOO.

I THINK THAT YOU THINK THERE'S ALWAYS FEAR IN CHANGE, BUT WHEN CHANGE IS A CONSTANT, I THINK YOU HAVE TO LEARN TO NOT LIVE WITH THAT FEAR, BUT TAKE ACTION.

AND I THINK WHEN YOU ARE MID-CAREER, YOU HAVE TO BE CONVINCED THAT THE ONLY WAY TO ADAPT TO THAT CHANGE IS TO TAKE ACTION.

AND START TO LEARN.

BECAUSE EVEN IF YOU STAY IN THE SAME JOB, THAT JOB IS NOT THE SAME JOB AS WHEN YOU FIRST STARTED AND SO WE HAVE TO MAKE IT COMFORTABLE FOR PEOPLE TO LEARN.

WE HAVE TO SHOW THEM HOW THERE'S SO MANY RESOURCES FOR THEM TO GAIN SKILLS ONLINE, AT THE LIBRARY.

THERE'S JUST SO MANY PLACES THAT YOU CAN LEARN THEM IN THE COMFORT OF YOUR OWN HOME OR ON YOUR OWN.

>> IS THIS ON THE WORKER TO WANT TO LEARN MORE OR DOES THE EMPLOYER NEED TO INCENTIVIZE?

>> WELL, EMPLOYERS HAVE AN EQUAL ROLE IN THIS BECAUSE EMPLOYERS LAST TIME I CHECKED, THEY'RE IN IT TO MAKE MONEY AND THE WAY YOU MAKE MONEY AT WHATEVER IT IS YOUR BUSINESS DOES, IS TO HAVE A SKILLED WORKFORCE, AND SO I THINK IT IS ON EMPLOYERS, EQUALLY IF NOT MORE SO, TOO, BECAUSE THEY'RE THE ONES WHO SIGNAL WHAT ARE THE SKILLS I'M NEEDING AND HOW CAN I HELP YOU LEARN THOSE SKILLS?

SO IT'S AN EQUAL, RIGHT.

IT'S NOT JUST ON THE EMPLOYEE.

>> SO I WANTED TO PIVOT A LITTLE BIT TO EDUCATING THE WORKFORCE OF TOMORROW.

WE ASKED OUR AUDIENCE FOR QUESTIONS IN ADVANCE OF THIS PROGRAM AND GOT A GOOD QUESTION FROM KATIE LEASE.

SHE ASKED, WHAT WOULD HAVE TO CHANGE FOR PARENTS AND COMMUNITIES TO SEE TWO-YEAR DEGREES AND INDUSTRY RECOGNIZED CREDENTIALS AS FIRST CHOICE PATHWAYS INSTEAD OF JUST A BACKUP PLAN TO TRADITIONAL FOUR-YEAR COLLEGE?

WHAT WOULD YOU SAY TO KATIE'S QUESTION?

>> I WOULD SAY KATIE, DO YOU HAVE THE ANSWER FOR THAT?

A LOT OF MY CAREER SPENT THINKING ABOUT THAT.

WHAT IT COMES DOWN TO, WE TALK A LOT ABOUT EDUCATING PARENTS ABOUT WHAT THE OPPORTUNITIES ARE, ESPECIALLY THE MOMS, AND TRYING TO DO THAT WHEN A CHILD IS IN MIDDLE SCHOOL SO THAT THEY CAN SEE WHAT THOSE OPPORTUNITIES ARE SO THEY CAN UNDERSTAND WHAT THE WAGES ARE BECAUSE ONE OF MY FAVORITE STORIES IS I HAD A YOUNG MAN WHO DID NOT GO TO COLLEGE.

HE GOT A WELDING CERTIFICATE, AND HE WAS GOING TO WORK FOR A LOCAL AMBULANCE MANUFACTURER.

HE SAID, DO YOU SEE THAT OVER THERE?

THAT'S WHAT I'M GOING TO BE DOING.

AND IN FOUR YEARS, MY FRIENDS ARE GOING TO COME BACK AND SOME OF THEM MIGHT BE WORKING FOR STARBUCKS.

I WILL HAVE A HOUSE AND I WILL BE DRIVING MY F-150 TO THEIR GRADUATION PARTY.

AND I WISH I COULD HAVE CAPTURED HIM THEN, RIGHT, BECAUSE HE UNDERSTOOD THAT FOR HIM AND WHAT HE WANTED TO DO, THAT PATH TO A WAGE AND TO BE ABLE TO ACCUMULATE THE LIFESTYLE THAT HE WANTED WAS GOING TO BE A LOT QUICKER.

I THINK WE JUST NEED TO -- THE ONLY WAY WE'RE GOING TO ACCOMPLISH THAT, IT'S NOT HAVING THE CHILDREN GET THE OPPORTUNITIES EXPOSED, HAVING THEM EXPOSED TO THEM.

IT'S HAVING THE PARENTS ACTUALLY SEE THE OPPORTUNITY, NOT JUST BE TOLD ABOUT THEM.

>> WELL, YOU MENTIONED STARTING IN MIDDLE SCHOOL.

I HAPPENED TO KNOW A FEW MIDDLE SCHOOLERS, AND I'M NOT 100% SURE THEY'RE THINKING ABOUT WHAT --YOU KNOW, KIDS GET ASKED WHAT DO I WANT TO BE WHEN I GROW UP?

I'M NOT SURE A MIDDLE SCHOOLER WANTS TO MAKE THAT DECISION.

YOU'RE EXPOSING THEM TO THE OPTIONS EARLIER.

>> WE'RE EXPOSING MIDDLE SCHOOL KIDS TO THE OPTION, BUT WHAT I MEAN IS EXPOSING THOSE PARENTS.

YOU KNOW A FEW MIDDLE SCHOOLERS YOURSELF.

>> RIGHT.

>> WE NEED TO EXPOSE YOU TO THOSE OPPORTUNITIES NOW.

WE NEED TO SHOW YOU WHAT THOSE PATHWAYS ARE BECAUSE YOUR CHILD IS GOING TO BE GOING INTO JUNIOR HIGH AND THEN HIGH SCHOOL AND CHOOSING CLASSES AND NEEDING TO MAKE DECISIONS AS YOU KNOW, EVEN IF YOUR CHILD IS CHOOSING TO GO TO COLLEGE, THEY NEED TO START THINKING ABOUT THAT TENTH GRADE, 11th GRADE STARTING TO GET A LITTLE LATE.

SO WE NEED YOU TO UNDERSTAND THOSE SO THAT YOU SEND SIGNALS TO YOUR CHILD THAT WHATEVER IT IS THAT THEY'RE INTERESTED IN, YOU'RE GOING TO SUPPORT THAT AND IF THEY TELL YOU I WANT TO GO INTO MANUFACTURING, I WANT TO DESIGN, YOU KNOW, THE INDUSTRIAL FLOOR, WHATEVER THEY TELL YOU THEY WANT TO DO, THAT MAYBE DOESN'T REQUIRE THAT FOUR-YEAR DEGREE RIGHT OFF, THAT YOU'LL BE SUPPORTIVE OF IT.

>> IT'S A GOOD THING I'M HOSTING THE SHOW THEN.

RELATED TO THAT WE HAD ANOTHER AUDIENCE QUESTION, TOM HARSHAH ASKED, IF THE ONLY MESSAGE WAS, GO TO COLLEGE TO GET A JOB, WHAT SHOULD THE NEW MESSAGE BE?

>> LET ME THINK.

I THINK THE NEW MESSAGE IS THERE ARE MANY PATHWAYS TO A FULFILLING LIFE AND FULFILLING CAREER AND IT MAY INCLUDE A COLLEGE DEGREE, BUT IT MAY NOT.

AND YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHAT ALL OF THOSE OPPORTUNITIES ARE BEFORE YOU MAKE THE DECISION.

YOU KNOW, IT SEEMS LIKE A SIMPLE MESSAGE, IT REALLY DOES, BUT I JUST DON'T SEE ANOTHER WAY EXCEPT FOR MESSAGING THAT PEOPLE --PEOPLE CAN'T BE WHAT THEY DON'T SEE, RIGHT.

WE SAY THAT ALL THE TIME AT WORKFORCE AND WE HAVE TO --I THINK WE HAVE TO SHOW IT TO PEOPLE BOTH PARENTS AND CHILDREN, BECAUSE THAT'S THE ONLY WAY THEY'RE GOING TO GET THAT MESSAGE I THINK.

>> WAS IT A MISTAKE THEN THAT WE SPENT SO MANY YEARS PUSHING THE FOUR-YEAR COLLEGE DEGREE?

>> BECAUSE I FEEL LIKE THAT'S WHAT A LOT OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS WERE TRAINED TO DO?

>> I THINK IF WE GO BACK IN TIME, A COLLEGE DEGREE -- ALL PARENTS WANT THEIR CHILDREN TO DO BETTER THAN THEY DID, AND I THINK THAT MESSAGE GOT CAUGHT UP IN DOING BETTER THAN I DID MEANS THAT YOU'RE GOING TO GO TO A COLLEGE DEGREE, GET THAT COLLEGE DEGREE, LIKE I SAW FAMILIES WHO COULD AFFORD COLLEGE DO, AND THEN YOU'LL BE ABLE TO RISE INTO THAT RANK.

DO I THINK IT'S A MISTAKE?

NO.

BECAUSE I WENT TO A FOUR- YEAR COLLEGE.

MY PARENTS WANTED ME TO GET A COLLEGE DEGREE.

NEITHER OF MY PARENTS HAD ONE.

BUT I THINK IT WASN'T A MISTAKE.

IT WAS JUST OVERDONE.

IT WASN'T BALANCED.

THERE'S KNOWLEDGE OF THE HANDS, KNOWLEDGE OF THE HEAD.

BOTH OF THEM ARE VERY IMPORTANT.

WE CAN'T BUILD THIS BUILDING JUST WITH COLLEGE DEGREE.

YOU NEED CONSTRUCTION SKILLS AND THAT DOES NOT ALWAYS --THAT MAY REQUIRE SOME TRAINING, ABSOLUTELY, IT MIGHT REQUIRE A TWO-YEAR DEGREE, BUT IT DOESN'T NEED A FOUR-YEAR DEGREE AND SOMEBODY WHO WORKED ON THIS VERY BUILDING PROBABLY HAS MADE PRETTY GOOD MONEY AND MAYBE MORE THAN SOMEONE WHO WENT ACROSS THE STREET TO OHIO STATE.

I THINK IT'S JUST LETTING PEOPLE SEE ALL THE OPPORTUNITY.

>> YEAH.

I --ALL THE BUZZ RIGHT NOW, ALL THE MEDIA COVERAGE IS GOING TO A.I., AUTOMATION, ADVANCED MANUFACTURING.

THAT'S WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT ALL THE TIME.

I RECENTLY INTERVIEWED THE HEAD OF THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY SERVICES AND HE SAID THEY HAVE THIS WEBSITE THE TOP JOBS WEBSITE AND THE MOST IN DEMAND JOBS IN OHIO ARE HOME HEALTH CARE WORKERS AND TRUCK DRIVERS.

>> THAT'S TRUE.

>> HOW DO WE GET MORE PEOPLE TO DO THESE JOBS?

>> WOW, NOW THAT IS A TRICKY QUESTION AND THE REASON WHY THAT'S A TRICKY QUESTION IS, NUMBER ONE, TRUCK DRIVING MAY EVENTUALLY BE OVERTAKEN BY AUTOMATION AND IN SOME PLACES IT ACTUALLY CAN BE NOW.

HOME HEALTH CARE WORKERS ARE PROBABLY NOT TAKEN OVER BY AUTOMATION.

THAT IS THE HUMAN TOUCH IN HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN CARE THAT'S SO IMPORTANT.

BUT WHAT I WILL SAY, ALSO IS, WHEN YOU POSE THAT PARTICULAR QUESTION TO ME, YOU KNOW, HEALTH CARE WORKERS AREN'T PAID WELL.

>> YEAH.

THAT WAS --YOU SEE MY NOTES.

THAT WAS MY NEXT QUESTION.

HOME HEALTH CARE WORKERS MEDIAN SALARY IS $31,000.

>> RIGHT.

WHEN I THINK ABOUT HOME HEALTH CARE WORKERS, WHEN I THINK ABOUT CHILD CARE WORKERS, I THINK ABOUT THE BUSINESS MODELS IN BOTH OF THOSE, ESPECIALLY CHILD CARE, RIGHT.

YOU PAY PEOPLE MORE FOR CHILD CARE, MORE EXPENSIVE FOR THE PARENT TO PAY, THE PARENT MAY NOT BE ABLE TO PAY.

IT'S A VERY DIFFICULT BUSINESS PROPOSITION RIGHT NOW.

IN SOME WAYS, SO IS HOME HEALTH CARE.

I THINK WE HAVE TO --THAT'S NOT ACTUALLY A QUESTION WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO SOLVE FOR THAT PARTICULAR ONE, SO IT'S FUNNY --IT'S NOT FUNNY, BUT THAT YOU WOULD BRING THAT UP.

IT ABSOLUTELY IS ONE OF THE TOP JOBS IN DEMAND.

WHAT WE CAN SAY IS AND WHAT WE TALK ABOUT IS IT COULD BE A STEPPING STONE TO HEALTH CARE PATHWAYS THAT ARE MULTITUDE NALL, SO IF YOU GET AN STNA, WHICH IS WITH FIRST CREDENTIALS MANY HOME HEALTH CARE WORKERS MAY EARN, AND YOU CAN DO THAT WORK WHILE YOU CONTINUE ON, IT COULD BE A GOOD ENTRY LEVEL.

SO --BUT IT IS HARD TO SELL THAT BECAUSE THE WAGE IS SO LOW.

>> I DO HEAR A LOT OF TALK FROM LAWMAKERS AT THE STATE HOUSE ABOUT WANTING TO HELP WITH PAYING CHILD CARE WORKERS MORE.

THERE'S LEGISLATION RELATED TO THAT, SO DOES THE STATE NEED TO MAYBE INFUSE MONEY OR INCENTIVES FOR PAYING HOME HEALTH AIDES MORE?

CAN THE STATE HELP?

>> WELL, YOU KNOW, A LOT OF THAT IS TIED UP IN FEDERAL PROGRAMS LIKE MEDICAID AND MEDICARE AND WHAT NURSING HOMES OR HOME HEALTH CARE PEOPLE WHO NEED HOME HEALTH CARE AND ARE ON THOSE PROGRAMS, HOW MUCH THEY CAN AFFORD TO PAY FOR IT.

SO IT'S A PRETTY COMPLICATED SYSTEM TO FIGURE OUT, BUT I DO THINK THAT, SURE, THERE CAN BE A ROLE TO PLAY BY GOVERNMENT, EVEN BY STATE GOVERNMENT, BECAUSE THE STATE DOES HAVE SOME SAY IN HOW IT OPERATES MEDICAID AND MEDICARE.

>> SO IF THE STATE IS TRYING TO SAY LIKE THEY MADE THIS WEBSITE TOP JOBS OR IN DEMAND JOBS WHATEVER YOU WANT TO CALL IT AND HAVE AT THE TOP HOME HEALTH CARE AIDES THEY NEED TO TELL PEOPLE THAT'S WHERE THE JOBS ARE.

>> RIGHT.

WELL, THEY DO.

THEY ALSO DO PUT THE WAGE, TOO, THOUGH.

>> THEY DO.

>> WE CAN PIVOT TO THE SAME TOP JOBS LIST ON THE STATE'S WEBSITE HAD JOBS LIKE SOFTWARE DEVELOPER AND OPERATIONS MANAGER ON IT.

THOSE ARE IN DEMAND JOBS TOO, AND THEY PAY BETTER.

>> YES.

>> HOW DO WE PRIORITIZE FILLING THE JOBS WITH THE RIGHT PEOPLE?

LIKE HOW --HOW DO WE GUIDE THE ONES THAT HAVE PASSION FOR HELPING, YOU KNOW, THE ELDERLY TO THE HOME HEALTH AIDE AND HOW DO WE GUIDE THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS TO WHERE THEY NEED TO GO?

>> RIGHT.

WHAT WE DO HERE LOCALLY IN CENTRAL OHIO IS, WE GIVE PEOPLE AN OPPORTUNITY, AGAIN, TO BE EXPOSED TO WHAT THE OPTIONS ARE AND NOT JUST WHAT THE OPTIONS ARE BUT WHAT KIND OF TRAINING DO YOU HAVE TO HAVE AND WHAT THAT TRAINING COSTS.

TOP JOBS IS A STATE LIST AND REALLY, ALL THE ECONOMIES IN THE STATE ARE LOCAL.

AND SO WHAT MIGHT BE A TOP JOB ACROSS THE STATE MAY OR MAY NOT BE AS IN DEMAND HERE.

FOR EXAMPLE, HERE, IF YOU WERE TO LOOK AT THE TOP ACTUAL TOP POSTINGS, YOU'RE GOING TO SEE RNs, REGISTERED NURSES.

THOSE --AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS WERE THE TWO TOP JOBS ALMOST THE ENTIRE TIME I'VE HAD THIS JOB, WHICH IS GOING TO BE TEN YEARS.

>> WOW.

>> YES.

NOW SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS AND WE'LL PROBABLY TALK ABOUT THIS A LITTLE BIT LATER, WHETHER THAT WILL CONTINUE TO BE A TOP JOB OR WHAT THAT DEMAND WILL LOOK LIKE GOING INTO THE FUTURE MAY CHANGE, BUT HOW WE GET PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, INTO THOSE JOBS, WHAT WE DO IS WE ASSESS THEM TO SEE WHAT THEY'RE INTERESTED IN AND IF THEY HAVE THE RIGHT KINDS OF SKILLS THOSE ARE THE JOBS WE SHOW THEM.

>> JUST TO END ON BEFORE WE END THIS PART OF THE SHOW.

IN YOUR WORK, I SAID ASPYR IS A WORKFORCE INNOVATION ORGANIZATION.

WHAT ARE YOU HEARING FROM EMPLOYERS?

WHAT ARE THEY LOOKING FOR THAT IS LACKING THAT YOU'RE TELLING PEOPLE LIKE THIS IS WHAT YOU NEED TO STUDY?

>> SO WITH OUR YOUNGER EMERGING TALENT ENTERING THE NUMBER ONE THING THEY IDENTIFY IS ESSENTIAL SKILLS, UNDERSTANDING KIND OF THE FIVE Cs, COMMUNICATION, COLLABORATION, CRITICAL THINKING, CONTINUOUS LEARNING, THOSE ARE THE KINDS OF SKILLS THAT EMPLOYERS WANT TO MAKE SURE THEY SEE.

ACTUALLY, IN EVERY --IN ALL OF THE PEOPLE THEY HIRE.

MANY EMPLOYERS WILL SAY, IF YOU JUST GIVE ME PEOPLE WHO UNDERSTAND AND ARE COMPETENT IN THOSE THINGS, WE'LL GET THEM THE TRAINING, WE'LL HELP THEM GET THE SKILLS.

I THINK A LOT OF EMPLOYERS, INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, ARE STILL TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT THE WORLD LOOKS LIKE WITH A. I. AND MANY OF THEM AREN'T QUITE SURE YET WHAT THAT MEANS FOR THEM.

AND SO WHAT WE WANT TO SAY TO PEOPLE IS, YOU NEED TO START THINKING ABOUT USING A. I. IT'S A FLUENCY.

IT'S A LANGUAGE YOU NEED TO LEARN.

BECAUSE THE TOOLS ARE GOING TO BE CHANGING SO FAST.

>> I FEEL LIKE WE TALKED FULL CIRCLE BECAUSE YOU'RE SAYING THE EMPLOYERS ARE LOOKING FOR GOOD COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND IF I HAD A --SOMEONE WHO WORKS AT A LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGE SITTING HERE I KNOW WHERE THEY CAN GET GOOD COMMUNICATION SKILLS A FOUR-YEAR DEGREE AT A LIBERAL ARTS SCHOOL.

>> THAT'S TRUE.

I GUESS WE WANT TO MAKE SURE THOSE SKILLS ARE EMBEDDED IN HIGH SCHOOL SO THEY'RE GETTING -- >> OR MIDDLE SCHOOL.

>> ACTUALLY IN ALL OF EDUCATION.

K THROUGH 12.

THE WHOLE THING.

BECAUSE THEY NEED TO HAVE THOSE.

EVEN IF YOU GO ON TO A FOUR-YEAR, THOSE ARE ALL SKILLS YOU NEED TO COMPLETE A FOUR-YEAR DEGREE.

I STILL THINK THOSE ARE THE KEY SKILLS.

>> THIS IS "INSIDE: RESHAPING WORK" AND WE ARE TALKING WITH LISA PATT-McDANIEL THE CEO OF ASPYR AND SHE'S STAYING WITH US AND IN A MOMENT WE'RE GOING TO DISCUSS ONE OF THE FASTEST GROWING PARTS OF THE CENTRAL OHIO ECONOMY, THE IMMIGRANT WORKFORCE.

>> FOR MORE INFORMATION AND TO FIND RESOURCES FOR "INSIDE: RESHAPING WORK" GO TO WOSU.

ORG/INSIDE.

>> THIS IS WOSU PUBLIC MEDIA'S "INSIDE: RESHAPING WORK" WHERE WE'RE EXAMINING CENTRAL OHIO'S RAPIDLY CHANGING ECONOMY.

COMING UP, A DEEPER LOOK AT HOW A. I. AND TECHNOLOGY FACTOR INTO THE CHANGE.

BUT FIRST, LET'S LOOK MORE AT OUR CHANGING WORKFORCE.

METRO COLUMBUS HAS THE FASTEST GROWING ECONOMY IN OHIO AND IT'S AMONG THE FASTEST GROWING ECONOMIES IN THE MIDWEST.

A BIG REASON FOR THE GROWTH ARE WORKERS WHO WERE NOT BORN HERE OR EVEN BORN IN THIS COUNTRY.

A RECENT STUDY SHOWS IMMIGRANTS ACCOUNT FOR TWO-THIRDS OF CENTRAL OHIO'S GROWTH.

THEY FILL OPEN JOBS IN HEALTH CARE, LOGISTICS, CONSTRUCTION, AND OTHER INDUSTRIES.

BUT NEW IMMIGRATION POLICIES ARE AFFECTING THIS WORKFORCE AND THE COMPANIES THAT RELY ON THEM.

JOINING US IS NADIA KASVIN, THE DIRECTOR OF US TOGETHER, A GROUP THAT HELPS IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES FIND JOBS AND GET SETTLED.

WELCOME TO THE SHOW.

THANKS FOR BEING HERE.

>> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME.

>> SO, NADIA, I MENTIONED THAT STUDY THAT SAID THAT THE CENTRAL OHIO'S GROWTH IS BECAUSE OF OUR IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY SO CAN YOU TELL ME WHY PEOPLE ARE COMING TO COLUMBUS?

WHY ARE THEY PICKING COLUMBUS AS THEIR PLACE TO BE AND WHAT JOBS ARE THEY LOOKING FOR WHEN THEY GET HERE?

>> PEOPLE ARE COMING TO CENTRAL OHIO FOR THE SAME REASON THAT ANYBODY ELSE WOULD.

IT'S AFFORDABILITY, IT'S AVAILABILITY OF JOBS, EDUCATION FOR REFUGEES AND IMMIGRANTS, ADDITIONAL LAYER OF FINDING SAFETY AND TO HAVE A CHANCE TO START OVER.

>> OKAY.

SO THAT'S WHY THEY'RE PICKING HERE.

WHAT KIND OF --WHEN THEY GET HERE THEY WANT TO WORK.

WHAT KIND OF JOBS ARE THEY LOOKING FOR?

>> WELL, IMMIGRANTS - - IMMIGRANTS AND --DO NOT COME HERE IN A SINGLE GROUP, RIGHT.

WE SEE A WIDE RANGE OF EDUCATION, SKILLS, EXPERIENCE, BACKGROUND, AND SO, YOU KNOW, SOME START WITH ENTRY-LEVEL JOBS.

SOME ENTER PROFESSIONAL JOBS.

SO WE HAVE PEOPLE WHO ARE DOCTORS AND ENGINEERS AND CARPENTERS HERE.

PEOPLE WHO ENTER AT THE ENTRY LEVEL, THEY ALSO HAVE SKILLS AND EDUCATION.

WE OFTEN TALK ABOUT A SKILL WASTE AND BRAIN WASTE BECAUSE THE CHALLENGE IS THE EDUCATION AND LICENSING AND LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS.

>> SO SKILL WASTE AND BRAIN WASTE.

LISA, HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT THAT IN YOUR WORK THOSE PHRASES?

>> I'VE HEARD THAT PHRASE AND I SEE HOW IT HAPPENS.

WE HAVE PEOPLE COMING WITH THESE GREAT SKILLS AND EVEN THOUGH THEY COULD EASILY DO THE JOBS THAT THEY HAVE THE SKILLS FOR, THERE ARE REGULATORY BARRIERS TO THAT, SOMETIMES PEOPLE'S DEGREES AREN'T RECOGNIZED, AND WE ARE VERY MUCH IN FAVOR OF HAVING THAT SOLVED BECAUSE THIS IS --THESE ARE PEOPLE WHO REALLY HAVE THESE SKILLS AND THEY'RE IN DEMAND AND WE CAN EASILY GET THEM INTO THE JOBS SOMETIMES.

>> AND, NADIA, LISA AND I WERE TALKING ABOUT THE TOP JOBS IN DEMAND JOBS AND HOME HEALTH CARE WORKERS BEING THE MOST IN DEMAND JOB.

ARE YOU FINDING PLACEMENTS?

DO IMMIGRANTS IN THIS COMMUNITY TAKE THOSE JOBS?

>> SOME DO, YEAH.

AND LISA MENTIONED IT'S A GREAT ENTRANCE INTO THE HEALTH CARE PROFESSION.

BECAUSE WE ALSO HAVE PEOPLE WHO COME HERE WITH THE BACKGROUND OF NURSES AND DOCTORS AND IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO GET BACK INTO THAT PROFESSION.

SO STARTING AS A HOME HEALTH AIDE GIVES YOU THIS OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD YOUR CAREER.

WITH MANY OTHER CAREER PATHS, YOU KNOW, MOTIVATION IS NOT AN ISSUE FOR COMMUNITIES THAT WE WORK WITH.

IT'S UNDERSTANDING HOW SYSTEMS WORK, UNDERSTANDING HOW THE WORKPLACE WORKS AND NAVIGATING THAT.

THAT'S WHERE, YOU KNOW, OUR FOCUS IS.

TO HELP PEOPLE BUILD THOSE CAREER PATHS AND NAVIGATE IT.

>> SO IN YOUR ORGANIZATION, US TOGETHER, ARE PEOPLE COMING TO YOU FOR ADVICE ON GETTING A JOB OR MAYBE ARE YOU GIVING THEM ADVICE ON HOW TO GET THOSE RIGHT SERT CRATES?

DO THEY COME AND ASK LIKE I WAS A NURSE AND WHY CAN'T I BE A NURSE NOW AND HELP THEM FIGURE OUT HOW TO DO THAT?

MAYBE EDUCATION.

>> WELL, ONE OF MANY PROGRAMS THAT WE HAVE IS THE EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM, BUT, UNFORTUNATELY, MANY FUNDING STREAMS THAT FUND EMPLOYMENT SERVICES THEY WANT ALMOST IMMEDIATE RESULTS, RIGHT.

THEY WANT PEOPLE TO BECOME SELF-SUFFICIENT AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.

BUT, YES, WE DO TRY TO HELP PEOPLE TO ACTUALLY BUILD THEIR CAREER PATHWAYS.

EVEN IF THEY TAKE THE ENTRY-LEVEL JOBS THEY UNDERSTAND WHAT ARE THOSE NEXT STEPS THAT THEY NEED TO TAKE.

>> I MENTIONED A STUDY IN THE INTRODUCTION AND THAT STUDY IS FROM THE AMERICAN IMMIGRATION COUNCIL AND THE RESEARCH IS CITING THE CRUCIAL ROLE IMMIGRANTS PLAY IN OHIO'S ECONOMY.

IMMIGRANTS IN OHIO EARNED $27.

3 BILLION IN INCOME AND PAID $7.

3 BILLION IN LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL TAXES IN 2023.

WHAT DO YOU SAY TO PEOPLE WHO THINK IMMIGRANTS ARE A DRAIN ON THE ECONOMY WHEN WE HAVE NUMBERS LIKE THAT IN THE BILLIONS.

WHAT DO YOU SAY TO PEOPLE WHO HEAR THE OPPOSITE DESPITE THOSE NUMBERS?

>> EDUCATE YOURSELF.

IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES AND STUDIES NOW SUPPORT THAT, RIGHT.

WE'VE KNOWN IT FOR A LONG TIME.

LOOK AT 2015, WE PUBLISHED A STUDY ON IMPACT OF REFUGEES IN CENTRAL OHIO AND IT ALSO SHOWED GREAT IMPACT THAT REFUGEES HAVE, ECONOMIC IMPACT, AND, YOU KNOW, WE ARE, YOU KNOW - -WE ARE SETTING UP THE JOBS, BUT WE'RE ALSO --HAVE THIS CONSUMER POWER.

WE ARE PAYING TAXES.

YOU KNOW, CONTRIBUTING TO THE ECONOMY.

AND IT'S -- IT'S GREAT THAT THERE ARE STUDIES OUT THERE NOW THAT ACTUALLY SUPPORT WHAT WE'VE KNOWN ALL ALONG.

>> LISA, IN YOUR WORK, HAVE YOU HEARD THIS, WHERE PEOPLE JUST DON'T UNDERSTAND HOW IMPORTANT THE IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY IS TO THE ECONOMY, LIKE WHAT JOBS ARE DOING?

>> I THINK PEOPLE KNOW BETTER THAN TO SAY THAT TO ME, BUT WHAT I CAN SAY TO PEOPLE IS THAT IT IS -- IF WE LOOK AT DATA AND NUMBERS, RIGHT, WE KNOW THAT EVEN THOUGH CENTRAL OHIO IS GROWING AND OTHER PARTS OF THIS STATE MAY NOT BE GROWING AS MUCH, WE HAVE MORE AND MORE JOBS AND THAT'S A BLESSING FOR CENTRAL OHIO.

WE DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH PEOPLE.

AND EVEN IF WE HAVE AN AGING POPULATION IN OHIO, WE KNOW THAT, THAT IS NOT A SURPRISE, PEOPLE ARE HAVING LESS CHILDREN.

EVEN IF WE INCENTIVIZE THEM TO HAVE MORE CHILDREN, THAT'S A 20 TO 25-YEAR RETURN.

BUT WE HAVE IMMIGRANTS WHO CAN FILL THOSE JOBS NOW AND ARE.

IF WE LOSE THAT IMMIGRANT POPULATION IN CENTRAL OHIO, WE WILL NOT HAVE --WE JUST DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH PEOPLE FOR ALL THE GREAT JOBS THAT --AND GREAT COMPANIES THAT ARE LOCATING HERE, LET ALONE THOSE COMPANIES WHO ARE ALREADY HERE AND HAVE OPEN POSITIONS.

SO THAT'S WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT.

WE NEED PEOPLE IN THOSE JOBS.

WE ARE NOT GOING TO BE ABLE TO ATTRACT ENOUGH PEOPLE FROM OUTSIDE OF CENTRAL OHIO.

WE ATTRACT A LOT OF PEOPLE, BUT THAT'S STILL NOT GOING TO FILL ALL THESE JOBS.

>> ALL OF THOSE ARE RIGHT THINGS TO SAY AND SO SOME PEOPLE SAY WE SHOULD WELCOME IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES BECAUSE IT'S THE RIGHT THING TO DO.

OTHER PEOPLE SAY WE SHOULD WELCOME IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES BECAUSE THEY FILL THE JOBS NOBODY ELSE CAN.

I THINK THIS SHOULD BE BOTH.

IT SHOULD BE ONE OR THE OTHER.

IT IS THE RIGHT THING TO DO TO WELCOME NEW NEIGHBORS IN YOUR COMMUNITY.

AND WE DO CONTRIBUTE WHEN WE COME HERE.

>> THAT SAME STUDY THAT I WAS TALKING ABOUT SAID OHIO'S WORKFORCE SHORTAGE IS PUTTING A REAL STRAIN ON BUSINESSES AND THE REPORT I MENTIONED TALKS ABOUT HOW CRUCIAL IMMIGRANTS ARE TO MANY INDUSTRIES IN THIS STATE AND IN CENTRAL OHIO.

IS THERE ANY INDUSTRY YOU WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THAT YOU WOULD SAY THE INDUSTRY WOULD NOT SUCCEED WITHOUT IMMIGRANTS?

>> IMMIGRANTS ARE FILLING UP ALL THOSE JOBS IN MANUFACTURING, IN LOGISTICS AND LOGISTICS IS HUGE IN CENTRAL OHIO, RIGHT, ESPECIALLY WHEN WE'RE TALKING ABOUT COMPANIES THAT HAVE SEVERAL SHIFTS.

THEY MIGHT HAVE ISSUES FILLING NIGHT SHIFTS.

AND, YOU KNOW, SOME REFUGEES AND IMMIGRANTS ARE HAPPY TO TAKE THOSE BECAUSE THEN THEY CAN STUDY DURING THE DAY AND WORK AT NIGHT.

I DON'T KNOW WHEN THEY SLEEP.

>> THAT SAME REPORT HIGHLIGHTS SOMETHING YOU MENTIONED A FEW MINUTES AGO, OHIO IS UNDERUTILIZING ITS TALENTS.

TELL ME MORE ABOUT THAT.

IS IT BECAUSE WE'RE NOT ALLOWING PEOPLE TO PROGRESS IN THEIR JOBS OR NOT USING THE SKILLS THEY HAVE TO THEIR FULL POTENTIAL?

>> WELL, THERE ARE MANY FACTORS, RIGHT.

WELL, FIRST OF ALL, I MENTIONED ALREADY THAT THE SYSTEMS ARE NOT FRIENDLY TO THOSE WHO HAVE EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE ABROAD TO KIND OF TRANSFER THAT INTO THE CREDENTIAL AND LICENSING HERE, SO A SYSTEM OF CREDENTIAL LICENSING IS VERY COMPLEX AND NOT FRIENDLY TO NEWCOMERS.

BUT IT'S ALSO SOMETHING THAT WILL ALWAYS TELL EMPLOYERS YOU'RE LOOKING FOR TALENT OUT THERE, FIRST, LOOK WITHIN.

BECAUSE IT JUST MIGHT HAPPEN THAT YOU ALREADY HAVE THAT TALENT IN YOUR COMPANY, AND MAYBE IF YOU INVEST IN DEVELOPING THAT TALENT IN LEARNING, SUPPORTING THAT TALENT, THAT YOU ALREADY HAVE PEOPLE WITH EXPERIENCE IN EDUCATION AND CREDENTIALS, MAYBE NOT SUPPORTED BY NEW CREDENTIALS BUT AT LEAST THEY HAVE THE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE AND YOU JUST NEED TO INVEST IN DEVELOPING THEM.

>> DO YOU HEAR FROM THE PARENTS ABOUT THE FUTURE OF THEIR CHILDREN?

SO IMMIGRANTS WHO ARE HERE THINKING ABOUT THEIR CHILDREN, WHAT ARE THEY WANTING FOR THEIR KIDS WHEN THEY COME HERE TO CENTRAL OHIO AND LIVING HERE, WORKING HERE AND HAVE KIDS HERE?

DO THEY WANT THEIR KIDS TO GET THE FOUR-YEAR DEGREE?

WHAT KIND OF JOBS ARE THEY HOPING FOR, FOR THEIR KIDS?

>> WELL, I CANNOT ANSWER FOR EVERY PARENT OUT THERE.

I'M SURE THERE ARE ALL KINDS OF - -SOME -- SOME WANT THEIR CHILDREN TO BECOME DOCTORS AND LAWYERS AND SOME WANT LIKE --IN [ INAUDIBLE ] COMMUNITY THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO GO INTO NURSING.

RIGHT.

>> YES.

>> AND SO -- A LOT OF PEOPLE GOING INTO NURSING.

SOMETIMES IT DEPENDS ON A COMMUNITY.

BUT I'M SURE IT'S VERY DIVERSE.

I THINK WHAT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW IS THAT, YOU KNOW, KIDS --WELL AND THEIR PARENTS, RIGHT, WHEN THEY COME HERE --BUT KIDS ARE VERY ADAPTABLE.

THEY ARE VERY ADAPTABLE AND THEY HAVE THIS MOTIVATION TO SUCCEED NOT JUST FOR THEMSELVES, FOR THEIR FAMILIES AS WELL.

AND KIDS AND PARENTS HAVE ANOTHER THING THAT THEY THINK IS DIFFERENT AND THEY THINK CONTRIBUTES TO THIS COUNTRY, THE CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION THAT WE HAVE DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE, DIFFERENT EDUCATION, DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS AND SO WHEN WE LOOK AT THE PROBLEM DIFFERENTLY AND SO WE SOLVE IT DIFFERENTLY AND THAT DRIVES CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION.

AND SO KIDS IN SCHOOL RIGHT NOW, THEY ARE THE ENGINE OF FUTURE INNOVATION BECAUSE THEY WILL STILL HAVE THAT.

>> AND, LISA, YOU WERE NODDING ALONG.

WITH THE SAME MESSAGE YOU GAVE EARLIER FOR PARENTS TO BE OPEN TO A FOUR- YEAR DEGREE, TWO-YEAR DEGREE, WHEN YOUR MIDDLE SCHOOLER SAYS TO YOU I THINK I WANT TO BE A WELDER, HAVE A POSITIVE AND SUPPORTIVE REACTION YOU WOULD SAY THE SAME THING TO THE IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY?

>> OH, YES.

AND I WOULD AGREE THAT DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES ARE MORE OPEN BASED ON WHAT THEY CAME FROM AND WHAT OPPORTUNITY THEY HAD, RIGHT.

SO I WOULD SAY THAT WE HAVE TO EDUCATE EVERYBODY ABOUT ALL THE OPPORTUNITIES WHETHER THEY'RE IMMIGRANTS, WHETHER THEIR FAMILY HAS BEEN HERE SINCE THE MAY FLOWER, THEY HAVE TO KNOW WHAT THE OPPORTUNITIES ARE AND WHAT, YOU KNOW, WHAT KIND OF CREDENTIAL YOU COULD GET, WHETHER YOU CAN STEP UP, EVEN IF YOU WANT TO GET A FOUR-YEAR DEGREE, IF YOU CAN STEP UP TO THAT IN DIFFERENT WAYS, YOU'RE SO RIGHT, FOR EXAMPLE, LIKE THE SOMALI COMMUNITY, SO MANY COME TO US, WOMEN ESPECIALLY, GOING INTO NURSING AND ARE GETTING HIRED RIGHT AWAY AND MAKING A GREAT SALARY STARTING OUT.

YOU KNOW, IT'S JUST TRYING TO GET TO ALL THOSE COMMUNITIES AND TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THEIR IMPRESSION IS, WHAT THEY THOUGHT THEY WANTED WHEN THEY GOT HERE HELPING TO SOLVE EACH OF THOSE PROBLEMS.

>> IT'S TRUE EVERY PARENT WANTS THE BEST.

WE OFTEN SAY WE CAME HERE SO THAT OUR KIDS COULD HAVE MORE OPPORTUNITIES, BETTER OPPORTUNITIES AND THEIR LIFE WOULD BE BETTER.

>> BEFORE I RUN OUT OF TIME, WHAT CONCERNS YOU'RE HEARING FROM THE COMMUNITY ABOUT THEIR FEWER HERE IN OHIO OR IN THE UNITED STATES IN GENERAL?

GIVEN THE CURRENT POLITICAL CLIMATE THAT WE'RE IN, ARE THEY WORRIED ABOUT THEIR FUTURE LIVES IN THE NEXT COUPLE YEARS AND FOR THEIR CHILDREN RIGHT NOW?

>> WELL, OF COURSE.

THESE ARE UNCERTAIN TIMES.

AND TO THRIVE, YOU NEED TO HAVE STABILITY AND SAFETY AND WHEN YOU DON'T HAVE THAT, IT'S VERY DIFFICULT AND, YOU KNOW, SOME JUST, YOU KNOW, DECISION MAKING WOULD BE DELAYED, JOBS, OPPORTUNITIES WILL BE TAKEN, PEOPLE WOULDN'T TAKE AN ASSIGNMENT IF IT'S IN A CERTAIN AREA THEY'RE CONCERNED THEY WILL BE SNATCHED OR, YOU KNOW, ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THEIR STATUS.

I DON'T THINK IT'S JUST ABOUT OUR PEOPLE, WHETHER THEY'RE DOCUMENTED OR NOT, IT'S JUST THE, YOU KNOW, THIS OVERALL UNCERTAINTY.

WHAT'S NEXT?

IT'S CHANGING EVERY DAY.

THAT'S TROUBLING, CONCERNING, AND IT DOESN'T HELP WITH, YOU KNOW, DEVELOPING TALENT, KEEPING TALENT, AND, YOU KNOW, GROWING OUR ECONOMY HERE.

>> THIS IS "INSIDE: RESHAPING WORK" FROM WOSU PUBLIC MEDIA.

WE'VE BEEN TALKING WITH NADIA KASVIN, DIRECTOR OF US TOGETHER, A GROUP THAT HELPS IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES FIND JOBS AND GET SETTLED.

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US, NADIA.

>> THANK YOU.

>> COMING UP, WE'RE GOING TO TAKE A DEEPER LOOK AT HOW A. I. AND TECHNOLOGY FACTOR INTO THE CHANGING ECONOMY.

♪ ♪ > >> FOR MORE INFORMATION AN TO FIND RESOURCES FOR "INSIDE: RESHAPING WORK" GO TO WOSU.

ORG/INSIDE.

> >> THIS IS WOSU'S PUBLIC MEDIA'S "INSIDE: RESHAPING WORK. "

AS WE HAVE DISCUSSED, TECHNOLOGY DRIVES A LOT OF THIS CHANGE.

MANUFACTURING CONTINUES TO ADVANCE MORE AND MORE COMPANIES ARE TURNING TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO COMPLETE TASKS AND INNOVATE.

AS WITH ANY ERA IN HUMAN HISTORY, TECHNOLOGY DISRUPTS.

IT COSTS OLD JOBS.

IT CREATES NEW JOBS.

AUTO >> THERE IS DISCUSSION JUST LIKE ANY OTHER TECHNOLOGY BOON, IS A. I. GOING TO AUTOMATE THINGS AND TAKE PEOPLE'S JOBS?

ME AND MY PEERS LOOK AT IT A LITTLE DIFFERENT.

HOW IS THE AUTOMATION GOING TO MAKE OUR JOBS MORE EFFICIENT SO I CAN DO OTHER THINGS THAT I CAN CREATE AND INNOVATE IN DIFFERENT WAYS?

>> AUTOMATION DOES MAKE WORK MORE EFFICIENT, BUT IT ALSO DISPLACES WORKERS.

IT'S A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD.

TO DIG DEEPER INTO HOW TECHNOLOGY IS SHAPING OUR ECONOMY, WE WELCOME TO THE DISCUSSION CHRIS BERRY, THE CEO OF OHIO X, WHICH PROMOTES OHIO'S TECH INDUSTRY.

WELCOME TO THE SHOW, CHRIS.

>> THANKS FOR HAVING ME.

>> I'M GOING TO START WITH THE BIG QUESTION.

>> OKAY.

>> WHICH IS, IS A. I. GOING TO TAKE MY JOB?

>> YEAH.

>> MAYBE NOT MY JOB, BUT LIKE FOR ANYONE?

THAT'S WHAT EVERYONE WANTS TO KNOW, IS A. I. GOING TO TAKE MY JOB?

>> WE'RE DIVING RIGHT INTO IT I SEE.

WITH TECHNOLOGY, I MEAN, 250 YEARS AGO WHEN OUR COUNTRY WAS FOUNDED WE ARE NOT DOING THE SAME JOBS THAT WE WERE DOING THEN THAT WE'RE DOING TODAY.

THAT'S PART OF ADVANCEMENT.

JOBS WILL CHANGE.

WE'RE ALREADY SEEING THEM CHANGE REALLY SINCE THE GEN A. I. BOOM ABOUT FOUR YEARS AGO ALMOST AT THIS POINT.

IF YOU TALK WITH TECHNOLOGIES THEY HAVE BEEN UTILIZING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WELL BEFORE THE REST OF US WERE DOING IT ON OUR PHONE AND IT'S NOT NECESSARILY NEW TO A LOT OF PEOPLE IN TECHNOLOGYP IT'S NEW TO US AS CONSUMERS.

THINGS WILL CHANGE.

WE'RE EXCITED ABOUT OPPORTUNITIES AND WHERE IT CAN LEAD.

>> YOU SAY FOUR YEARS LIKE IT'S A LONG TIME AGO.

>> RIGHT.

>> LISA, I'M GOING TO ASK YOU THE SAME QUESTION.

IS A. I. GOING TO TAKE MY JOB?

>> I THINK A. I. WILL REPLACE TASKS AND JOBS AND MAKE THE JOB FOCUS ON HOPEFULLY HIGHER LEVEL THINGS THAT NEED TO BE HANDLED.

THERE MAY BE SOME JOBS THAT A. I. MAY COMPLETELY REPLACE, BUT WITH AN OPPORTUNITY FOR A PERSON THEN TO GO TO A HIGHER LEVEL, HIGHER PAID JOB.

I ACTUALLY AM NOT AFRAID OF A. I. I USE A. I. EVERY DAY.

I DON'T THINK IT'S GOING TO REPLACE ME.

I HOPE NOT.

BUT JUST LIKE ANY -- RIGHT, I MEAN IF YOU --EVEN IF YOU LOOK AT WHAT WE WERE DOING JUST TEN YEARS AGO IT'S COMPLETELY CHANGED NOW.

NEW JOBS WILL HAPPEN THAT WE CAN'T EVEN THINK OF RIGHT NOW THAT WILL REPLACE.

I AM NOT WORRIED ABOUT WHOLESALE PEOPLE BEING WITHOUT WORK BECAUSE OF A. I.

>> CHRIS, I'M TOLD ALL THE TIME THAT A. I. IS GOING TO TAKE OVER THE TASKS THAT NO ONE WANTS TO DO THE MEAN IAL TASKS AND HANDLE THE SPREAD SHEETS SO WE HAVE TIME TO BE MORE CREATIVE AND THINK MORE, YOU KNOW, BIG PICTURE.

TELL ME MORE ABOUT THAT.

WHAT IS A. I. TAKING OFF OUR PLATE TO GIVE US MORE ROOM ON THE PLATE?

>> THE OTHER DAY I HAD AN AMAZON PRIME DELIVERY I HAD TO RETURN FOR A REASON AND, INSTEAD, OF HAVING TO CALL CUSTOMER SERVICE, PRINT A SLIP, HAVE THEM E-MAIL IT AND ALL THAT, IT WAS A CHAT BOT, ASKED ME A COUPLE QUESTIONS, ANSWERED QUICKLY AND IT WAS DONE TOOK LESS THAN 30 SECONDS FOR SOMETHING THAT, YOU KNOW, MAYBE JUST A COUPLE YEARS AGO YOU'D HAVE TO HAVE A HUMAN DOING IT OR HUMAN ALONGSIDE THE A. I. CHAT IN THIS CASE, BUT FOR THIS, IT WAS SOMETHING INCREDIBLY SIMPLE.

THAT'S SOMETHING I WANT DONE QUICKLY AND DOES A HUMAN WANT TO SPEND ALL DAY KIND OF JUST PROCESSING REAL QUICK RETURNS LIKE THAT OR CAN WE OPEN THOSE TYPES OF, YOU KNOW, ROLES UP TO SOMETHING AS LISA SAID A LITTLE MORE HIGHER MEANING THAT, YOU KNOW, GIVE HUMANS SOMETHING THAT THEY ENJOY A BIT MORE THAN A CONSUMER SERVICE OR CHAT BOT SOMETHING YOU CAN GUESS THE OUTCOMES, JUST RETURN THE PACKAGE, YOU GET A FEW PACKAGE, SEND A REPLACEMENT.

THERE'S A FEW TYPES OF THINGS AND IT'S ABOUT SPEED.

I CAN GO BACK TO MY DAY, AMAZON CAN SELL SOMETHING ELSE TO SOMEONE NEW.

>> WELL, AND EVERYONE WHENEVER EVERYONE THINKS OF A. I. THEY THINK IN TERMS OF A CHAT BOT ON THEIR LAPTOP OR PHONE WHEN THEY THINK OF A.I.

BUT A.I.

IS BEING USED TO CREATE BETTER MACHINES, BETTER ROBOTS.

TALK TO ME ABOUT HOW A. I. IS IMPROVING MANUFACTURING RIGHT NOW.

WHAT WE DON'T SEE EVERY DAY BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, FOR, YOU KNOW, EVERY COMPUTER NOW HAS A. I. MODE AS A PART OF THEIR SEARCH ENGINE AND THAT'S WHAT EVERYONE KNOWS.

TALK TO ME ABOUT THE ROBOTS AND MANUFACTURING.

>> SURE.

HERE IN CENTRAL OHIO THERE'S A START-UP CALLED PATH ROBOTICS AND PATH ROBOTICS IS A. I. ROBOTIC AND IT IS WELDING.

BECAUSE IN OUR -- IN AMERICA WE HAVE A SHORTAGE OF HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF WELDERS WHERE WE DON'T HAVE ENOUGH PEOPLE GOING INTO THESE GREAT JOBS BECAUSE WE JUST HAVEN'T BUILT THAT PIPELINE UP AND PEOPLE AREN'T CHOOSING TO GO INTO WELDING AS CAREERS ANYMORE.

SO A COMPANY LIKE THAT, A START-UP, COUPLE BROTHERS OUT OF CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, HAD GREAT TECHNOLOGY, DECIDED TO BUILD IT IN COLUMBUS AND EMPLOY A BUNCH OF PEOPLE AND TAKING SOMETHING HISTORICALLY ONLY HUMANS CAN DO AND NOW THEY'RE HAVING ROBOTS DO IT BECAUSE OF THEIR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.

THEY'RE MELDING THE HARDWARE, WHICH ARE THESE ROBOTS, WITH THE SOFTWARE, WHICH IS THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND DOING SOMETHING THAT IS HELPING AMERICAN COMPANIES REINDUSTRIALIZE.

WE HAVE 300,000 PEOPLE WE DON'T HAVE IN WELDING CAREERS ANYMORE, WE HAVE TO MAKE UP FOR THEM SOMEWHERE AND SO THIS IS A CENTRAL OHIO START-UP THAT IS BUILDING OUT SOME REALLY INCREDIBLE SOLUTIONS AND SERVING SOME GREAT CUSTOMERS THAT ARE HELPING REBUILD THE AMERICAN FLEET FOR OUR U. S. NAVY.

THEY'RE DOING GREAT WORK FOR SOME OF THE ADVANCED MANUFACTURING, THE DATA CENTERS WE'RE SEEING, AND IT'S EXCITING.

THAT'S A CENTRAL OHIO COMPANY.

>> I INTERVIEWED THE CEO OF PATH ROBOTICS THAT CHRIS WAS TALKING ABOUT AND WHAT WAS INTERESTING TO ME HE TOLD ME THAT HE DOESN'T EXPECT HIS ROBOTS TO TAKE ALL THE WELDING JOBS.

THEY NEED HUMAN WELDERS TOO BECAUSE THERE ARE CERTAIN PARTS THE ROBOT CAN'T DO YET.

MAYBE HE'S WORKING ON IT.

THEY NEED BOTH.

THE ROBOT WELDERS AND HUMAN WELDERS.

WELDING HAS COME UP SO MANY TIMES TODAY.

TELL ME ABOUT THAT, THE IDEA WE NEED ROBOTS AND HUMANS.

>> ONE OF THE THINGS WE'RE MISSING, TOO, YOU NEED HUMANS TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IT IS THEY'RE CREATING TO TELL THE ROBOT WHAT I WANT YOU TO DO.

WITHOUT THAT KNOWLEDGE, A HUMAN CAN'T WORK ALONGSIDE A ROBOT UNLESS THE HUMAN ALSO IS THE ONE WHO KNOWS WHAT'S NEEDED, WHAT KIND OF WELDING WHAT ARE WE CREATING HERE?

SO I THINK THAT THAT'S SOMETHING WE'RE NOT THINKING ABOUT THAT, YOU KNOW, WHEN ROBOTICS ARE TEACHING WELDING TO A ROBOT, THEY HAVE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT WELDING IS AND WHAT THE PROCESS IS AND WHAT YOU NEED TO DO.

SO ALL THAT IS STILL COMING FROM HUMANS, SO I KNOW THAT PROBABLY DIDN'T ANSWER YOUR QUESTION BUT THAT'S A REALLY IMPORTANT POINT I WANT TO GET OUT THERE.

HUMANS ARE STILL THE ONES WHO KNOW WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND ROBOTS ARE GOING TO LEARN OVER TIME, BUT HUMANS HAVE CREATIVITY THAT I DON'T EVER THINK --I DON'T THINK A. I. IS EVER GOING TO FULLY CAPTURE IN A WAY THAT RELATES THAT WE RESPOND TO ALL THE TIME.

>> THE BROTHERS YOU MENTIONED THEY INVENTED THE ROBOT AND TAUGHT IT, DID THE PROGRAMMING.

>> MACHINE LEARNING.

>> TAKING HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND PROGRAMMING IT SO THEY CAN TAKE A ROBOT AND USE HUMAN INSIGHTS AND KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE BUILT UP OVER GENERATIONS FROM WELDERS AND MANUFACTURING COMPANIES AND RESEARCHERS ON OHIO CAMPUSES SO IT'S COMBING IT ALL, TAKING THE MACHINE LEARNING AND THE OUTPUT IS A ROBOT THAT CAN WELD.

THAT'S SOMETHING THAT DIDN'T EXIST FIVE, TEN, 15, 20 YEARS AGO AND EVERY DAY GETTING BETTER AND BETTER AND, AGAIN, THEY'RE DOING IT IN A SPACE THAT IS CRITICALLY LOW AND HAS A CRITICAL SHORTAGE OF SKILLED TRADESMEN AND WOMEN.

SOMETHING LIKE WELDING WE DON'T HAVE ENOUGH AND HERE IS A TECHNOLOGY HELPING FILL THAT GAP.

>> WE TOOK QUESTIONS FROM OUR AUDIENCE BEFORE WE BEGAN AND WE GOT THIS QUESTION FROM TOM.

HE ASKED, HOW SHOULD OHIO PREPARE WORKERS FOR A. I. AND AUTOMATION WITHOUT MAKING THE CONVERSATION FEEL LIKE A THREAT TO PEOPLE WHO ARE ALREADY ANXIOUS ABOUT ECONOMIC CHANGE?

HOW DO WE HELP PEOPLE FEEL OKAY ABOUT THIS?

>> IT'S REALLY TOUGH AND FROM OUR EDUCATION PARTNERS AND WE HAVE A LOT OF THEM BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, IF YOU'RE BUILDING THIS OUT FOR K THROUGH 12 THAT'S 12 YEARS OF EDUCATION AND SCHOOLING IF YOU'RE LOOKING AT FOUR-YEAR DEGREES THAT'S ANOTHER FOUR, BUT THE RATE OF CHANGE AND INNOVATION THAT WE'RE SEEING CURRENTLY AGAIN THE CHATGPT RELEASE ABOUT FOUR YEARS AGO, YOU KNOW, THAT WAS A REAL WAKE-UP CALL FOR SO MANY OF US BECAUSE WE SAW IT AND HAD IT IN OUR POCKET AND YOU COULD HAVE IT ON YOUR PHONE THIS AMAZING TECHNOLOGY.

IT CONTINUES TO GET BETTER AND BETTER.

AND SO WE DON'T KNOW WHAT TWO WEEKS IS GOING TO LOOK LIKE, TWO MONTHS IS GOING TO LOOK LIKE, LET ALONE TWO YEARS OR FURTHER IF YOU'RE TALKING WITH MIDDLE SCHOOL KIDS.

I THINK THE BIGGEST AND WE TALK WITH TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND LEADERS ALL THE TIME, YOU ASK THEM, WHAT DO THEY NEED?

THEY NEED THE HARD SKILLS AND WE'RE GENERALLY PRETTY GOOD AT DOING HARD SKILLS AND TEACHING THOSE THINGS, BUT WHAT THEY LOOK FOR ARE A LOT OF SOFT SKILLS WHICH CAN MAYBE KIND OF SOUND A LITTLE VAGUE, WHAT EXACTLY, BUT THEY WANT PEOPLE TO BE ENTREPRENEURIAL AND EVEN IF YOU'RE AT A BIGGER COMPANY TO TAKE INITIATIVE TO, YOU KNOW, OWN PROJECTS, FOLLOW THROUGH, BE ABLE TO THINK EVEN IF MAYBE IN YOUR BIGGER COMPANY THAT YOU'RE LIKE A START-UP AND MOVING FAST AND TRYING THINGS AND WORKING WITH YOUR TEAMMATES SO FOR ALL THE HARD SKILLS AND THE FUN ABOUT TALKING ABOUT A. I. AND TECHNOLOGY, AS WE TALK WITH TECHNOLOGY LEADERS AND COMPANIES, IT'S REALLY THOSE SOFT SKILLS THAT ON TOP OF THE HARD SKILLS, THAT THEY'RE REALLY FOCUSED ON BECAUSE, AGAIN, WE JUST SIMPLY CAN'T FORECAST WHAT THE NEXT FEW YEARS ARE GOING TO LOOK LIKE.

>> WHAT WOULD YOU SAY TO SOMEONE WHO IS ANXIOUS ABOUT ALL OF THIS ECONOMIC CHANGE GOING ON?

WHAT CHRIS SAID IS WE DON'T KNOW WHAT TWO WEEKS IS GOING TO LOOK LIKE.

OH, NO.

>> WHAT I THINK IS PEOPLE DO NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHAT A. I. ACTUALLY IS AND HOW IT WORKS BEFORE CHATGPT BECAME THE THING TO USE OR CLAUDE OR ANY OF THOSE, YOU KNOW, A FEW YEARS BACK, EVERYBODY HAS A PHONE.

ALMOST EVERYBODY HAS A SMARTPHONE.

AND THEY'RE ALREADY USING THAT TECHNOLOGY NOW.

I THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT IS THAT PEOPLE ACTUALLY UNDERSTAND HOW THAT PHONE WORKS.

I THINK THAT, YOU KNOW, KIDS COMING UP THROUGH SCHOOL I THINK THEY SHOULD EVEN IF THEY'RE NOT GOING TO NEED TO HAVE CODERS THEY SHOULD LEARN TO CODE AND UNDERSTAND WHAT CODING DOES.

IT'S A LANGUAGE THAT BASICALLY RUNS A.I.

SO I THINK THE MORE YOU UNDERSTAND ABOUT WHAT A.I., ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS, THE LESS FEAR YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE OF IT.

FRANKLY, WE COULD TURN EVERYTHING OFF IF WE'RE REALLY THAT FRIGHTENED.

I DON'T THINK WE WILL.

>> CHRIS, WE WERE TALKING ABOUT CODING.

SO HOW MANY HUMANS DO WE NEED TO HELP DEVELOP ALL OF THIS A. I. TECHNOLOGY?

WHERE ARE WE FINDING THOSE?

ARE WE LEARNING IT IN SCHOOL?

ARE THEY LEARNING IT ON THE FLY OR FIGURING IT OUT AS THEY GO ALONG?

>> VERY GOOD QUESTION, AND WITH TECH IN GENERAL, IT CAN REALLY DEPEND ON WHAT EXACTLY YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT, MEANING IS THIS A CONVERSATION AROUND, YOU KNOW, WHO'S ACTUALLY DEVELOPING THESE LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS THAT COMPANIES LIKE OPENAI OR GOOGLE OR META, THAT'S A DIFFERENT CONVERSATION, OR THE ADOPTION OF A. I. AT CENTRAL OHIO SMALL BUSINESSES.

THAT'S A DIFFERENT CONVERSATION TOO.

THAT'S FUN AND CHALLENGING WHEN WE HAVE CONVERSATIONS ABOUT WORKFORCE, WHAT EXACTLY ARE WE TALKING ABOUT?

THAT CAN RANGE FROM STARTUPS TO I. T. PROFESSIONALS, EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN.

WE HAVE A SAYING THAT EVERY COMPANY IS A TECHNOLOGY COMPANY BECAUSE WHETHER YOU'RE USING IT IN A RESTAURANT, WHETHER YOU'RE USING IT IN A SMALL BUSINESS, MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MORE AND MORE OF THESE TECHNOLOGY TOOLS AND SOLUTIONS ARE PART OF WHAT YOU'RE DOING.

AND SO IF WE THINK ABOUT IT THAT WAY, EVERY COMPANY IS AN A. I. COMPANY NOW BECAUSE THESE THINGS ARE BEING EMBEDDED, LONG RUN, WHEN IT COMES TO A. I. WE'RE LOOKING, YOU KNOW, TO FOCUS LESS ON THAT BUZZWORD BECAUSE AS LISA MENTIONED IT'S PART OF WHAT WE DO.

DRIVING HERE, YOU KNOW, 15 YEARS AGO YOU HAVE TO PRINT OUT MAP QUEST AS WE WERE GOING TO RECORD THIS AND HOPE YOU DIDN'T MISS A TURN AND DOUBLE BACK AND FIND THAT ROAD AND WHERE TO TAKE A LEFT OR RIGHT.

NOW PLUG IT INTO GOOGLE MAPS OR APPLE MAPS AND IT REROUTES YOU IF THERE'S TRAFFIC, SOMETHING GOING ON, STREET CLOSURE OR BLOCKAGE.

THAT'S AS NATURAL AS ANYTHING.

THAT'S TECHNOLOGY, THAT'S SOME OF THESE INNOVATIONS WE'VE HAD MORE RECENTLY IN THE GRAND SCHEME OF THINGS.

SO AS IT COMES TO A.I., I THINK IT'S SIMILAR TO LIKE THAT.

IT JUST BECOMES INGRAINED INTO WHAT WE DO.

IN TERMS OF THE WORKFORCE NEEDED YOU HAVE TO HAVE PEOPLE THAT ARE ABLE TO, YOU KNOW, TEST IT, ADOPT IT, DEPLOY IT AND SO THERE'S GOING TO BE THE TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS THAT DO KIND OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IT.

THAT'S YOUR I. T. TEAMS.

THAT'S YOUR TECHNOLOGY TEAMS WITHIN COMPANIES.

BUT THEN THE WORKFORCE AT LARGE HAS TO BE ABLE TO BE CONSUMERS.

THAT'S SOMETHING THAT WE'RE ALL CONSUMERS ALREADY, WHETHER IT'S ON OUR PHONES, SOCIAL MEDIA, USING TOOLS AGAIN LIKE A GOOGLE OR APPLE MAPS.

>> I STARTED THIS SHOW BY ASKING LISA HOW WE PLAN FOR THE WORKERS OF TOMORROW WHEN WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHAT TOMORROW WILL LOOK LIKE.

PART OF THE REASON WE DON'T KNOW WHAT TOMORROW WILL LOOK LIKE BECAUSE A. I. IS CHANGING SO FAST.

HOW WOULD YOU SAY THAT WE PLAN FOR THE WORKERS OF TOMORROW IF WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHAT WE NEED?

>> I THINK THERE'S SOME BASIC LITERACY.

GROWING UP OR PREVIOUS GENERATIONS MAYBE TOOK A HOME ECONOMICS CLASS OR A SHOP CLASS OR A PERSONAL FINANCE CLASS.

I THINK THINGS LIKE TECHNOLOGY CLASSES AND BASIC LITERACY ARE IMPORTANT.

WE'RE PART OF A COALITION TO GET BETTER COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION INTO SCHOOLS AT LEAST IT'S SOMETHING THAT STUDENTS CAN, YOU KNOW, TINKER WITH.

KNOW WHAT IT DOES, DOESN'T DO, HOW TO DO IT CORRECTLY, HOW TO BE SAFE WITH IT.

THESE ARE TECHNOLOGIES UNLESS YOU HAVE IT WITHIN FOUR PHYSICALLY CONFINED WALLS OF A COMPUTER, IT CAN SPREAD AND WE KNOW IT HAPPENS WHEN VIRUSES HAPPEN ON HOME COMPUTERS OR AT WORK COMPUTERS AND, YOU KNOW, THAT'S A HEADACHE NO ONE LIKES.

AND SO I THINK WE'RE CONSIDERING PREPARING THIS WORKFORCE I THINK THERE'S A BASIC LITERACY AND WE HAVE TO BE LEARNING, REALIZE THIS IS BECOMING MORE AND MORE AND MORE OF A THING.

OUR ECONOMY IS A TECHNOLOGY COMPANY OR OUR ECONOMY IS A TECHNOLOGY ECONOMY.

YOU LOOK AT THE COMPANIES THAT ARE MAKING 401(k)s GO UP AND THE STOCK MARKET INCREASE, ALLOWING PEOPLE TO RETIRE.

THAT'S LARGELY DRIVEN BY TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES.

IF THAT'S WHAT OUR ECONOMY IS, WE HAVE TO HAVE WORKERS THAT KNOW WHAT TECHNOLOGY IS AND I THINK IT'S JUST THAT BASIC LITERACY WE START AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE IS IMPORTANT.

>> LISA, IN SCHOOL NOW, WE ARE NEEDING TECHNOLOGY.

WE NEED TO TEACH COMMUNICATION SKILLS.

WE NEED TO TEACH WELDING APPARENTLY.

AND SO HOW DO WE FIT THIS ALL INTO THE SCHOOL DAY?

OBVIOUSLY, LEARNING THIS TECHNOLOGY IS VERY IMPORTANT, BUT, ALSO, I'M GUESSING KIDS ARE GOING TO LEARN IT FASTER THAN THEIR PARENTS.

>> WHEN I WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL, I HAD TO TAKE TYPING.

AND THAT WAS BEFORE WE HAD A PC.

THERE WEREN'T PERSONAL COMPUTERS.

WHY DID I HAVE TO TAKE TYPING?

I LOOK BACK AND THINK, I REALLY - -I WAS FORCED TO TAKE IT AND THERE'S ALWAYS BEEN CLASSES THAT KIND OF GET ADDED TO THE DAY, HOME EC AND SHOP AND ADDING A TECHNOLOGY CLASS ISN'T A BIG LIFT.

THE ESSENTIAL SKILLS WHAT YOU'RE CALLING SOFT SKILLS, THOSE ARE EMBEDDED IN EVERY CLASS, RIGHT.

EVEN IF YOU'RE IN HISTORY CLASS, YOU KNOW, YOU TYPICALLY ARE GOING TO DO SOME KIND OF A PROJECT.

YOU MAY BE DOING IT AS A GROUP, GROUP RESEARCH PROJECT, SO YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE TO COLLABORATE, COMMUNICATE, YOU KNOW, CRITICALLY THINK, BE CURIOUS, AND AT THE SAME TIME, BE EMBEDDING A. I. INTO THAT, SO MAYBE YOUR TEAM CREATES, YOU KNOW, AN A. I. GEORGE WASHINGTON THAT DELIVERS THE PROJECT.

I THINK IT JUST GETS EMBEDDED.

I KNOW WE DON'T WANT TO KEEP ADDING MORE AND MORE INTO A SCHOOL DAY THAT IS A LIMITED DAY, BUT THESE ARE THINGS THAT JUST CAN GET EMBEDDED, I BELIEVE.

BUT THAT MEANS WE HAVE TO WORK WITH SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS TO SAY, WHAT IS AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO EMBED THIS.

ARE YOU COMFORTABLE USING IT?

>> CHRIS, I WANT TO JUMP AWAY FROM K 12 AND GO TO THE UPSKILLING OF MID CAREER WORKERS.

WHAT DO YOU SAY TO THOSE PEOPLE WHO ARE MID CAREER WHO MAYBE ARE HESITANT TO LEARN A. I. OR THEY'RE WORRIED THEY'RE NOT GOING TO UNDERSTAND AND BE ABLE TO KEEP UP IN THEIR JOBS?

>> YEAH.

I THINK WE ALL NEED TO BE TESTING THE TECHNOLOGY, PLAYING WITH IT, YOU KNOW, RIGHT NOW I PAY FOR FOUR DIFFERENT A. I. s, 20 BUCKS A MONTH EACH.

IT ADDS UP.

I LIKE COMPARING AND CONTRASTING AND THAT GOES BACK TO THE PACE OF ADOPTION WHERE ONE WEEK THIS MODEL MIGHT BE THE BEST, BUT TWO WEEKS LATER IT COULD BE A DIFFERENT ONE.

THIS ISN'T A TWO PLUS TWO EQUALS FOUR EQUATION WHERE THERE'S A DEFINITE OUTCOME.

WE'RE LIVING THROUGH THIS HISTORY RIGHT NOW.

IT'S AN A. I. REVOLUTION WHERE THESE THINGS, YOU KNOW, THEY'RE GETTING CREATED AND INVENTED AS WE SPEAK.

JUST HAVING THAT CURIOSITY.

I'M A MILLENNIAL I'M IN THE MIDDLE AGE OF THAT, I HAVE SOME OLDER MILLENNIAL FRIENDS STARTING TO BE IN THEIR MID-40s.

THAT'S ABOUT 20 YEARS.

I THINK OUR GENERATION, MILLENNIALS, WE HAD E- MAIL, CELL PHONES, WE'VE KIND OF BEEN PART OF THIS TECHNOLOGY SO I THINK ALSO SOMETIMES WE DON'T NECESSARILY GIVE THE WORKFORCE THE CREDIT OF, YOU KNOW, WE FIGURE THESE THINGS OUT.

LIKE I REMEMBER PART OF MY HIGH SCHOOL CAREER YOU CALL YOUR MOM TO PICK YOU UP IN THE VAN FROM THE LAND LINE IN THE GYM AND THERE'S A LINE OF 20 KIDS.

TWO YEARS LATER EVERYONE HAS A CELL PHONE.

THINGS OVER TIME COME TO US AS A SOCIETY.

WE'RE LIVING THROUGH ONE NOW.

IS IT REALLY THAT DIFFERENT THAN, YOU KNOW, 20, 25 YEARS AGO WHEN PERHAPS E-MAILS WERE INTRODUCED TO THE WORK PLACE AND WHAT THAT MEANT.

AT ANY POINT IN THE DAY YOU COULD BE TALKING WITH SOMEONE VIA E-MAIL ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD WHEREAS BEFORE MAYBE YOU HAD TO SEND A LETTER OR FAX.

THESE DISRUPTIONS HAPPEN AND WE'RE ALL JUST ABOVE IT.

>> WELL, THAT'S ABOUT ALL WE HAVE TIME FOR, BUT I WANT TO THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING ME.

I KNOW THAT WE HAVE NOT AROUND EVERY QUESTION THAT COMES TO MIND WITH THIS COMPLEX TOPIC BUT HOPEFULLY WE'VE GOT YOU THINKING AND PROVIDED IMPORTANT INFORMATION AND POINTED YOU TO RESOURCES TO HELP YOU NAVIGATE THIS RAPIDLY CHANGING ECONOMY.

TO DIG DEEPER AND SEE EVERYTHING INVOLVED IN THIS PROJECT, INCLUDING EDUCATION RESOURCES FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS, VISIT OUR WEBSITE, WOSU.

ORG/INSIDE.

I WANT TO THANK OUR PANEL AND OUR PRODUCTION CREW AND OUR AUDIENCE HERE AT WOSU, AND I THANK YOU FOR WATCHING.

I'M AMY JURAVICH.

♪ ♪ > >> FOR MORE INFORMATION AND TO FIND RESOURCES FOR "INSIDE: RESHAPING WORK" GO TO WOSU.

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