♪ >>> HELLO, EVERYONE, AND WELCOME TO "AMANPOUR & COMPANY."

HERE'S WHAT'S COMING UP.

>> SO OUR RESPONSE WILL BE UNFLINCHING, UNITED AND PROPORTIONAL.

>> EUROPE HITS BACK AGAINST TRUMP'S TARIFF THREATS AS AMERICA GUNS FOR GREENLAND.

SENATOR CHRIS COONS WEIGHS IN ON THE FRAYING TRANS-ATLANTIC ALLIANCE.

>>> THEN -- >> SHAME!

SHAME!

SHAME!

>> THE ACTIONS OF U.S.

FEDERAL AGENTS REMAINS UNCHECKED NEARLY TWO WEEKS AFTER THE FATAL SHOOTING OF RENEE GOOD IN MINNEAPOLIS.

JOURNALIST LYDIA POLGREEN TELLS ME WHY SHE FEARS A CIVIL WAR ON THE STREETS OF MINNESOTA.

>>> ALSO AHEAD -- >> IT'S IMPORTANT TO SPEAK UP AND POINT OUT PERHAPS THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF SOME OF THESE ACTIONS BECAUSE THEY'RE EXTREME AND THEY ARE URGENT.

>> FROM FUNDING CUTS TO HARSH IMMIGRATION POLICIES.

HOW TRUMP'S DECISIONS MAY BE DAMAGING U.S.

MEDICAL PROWESS.

CO-FOUNDER OF MODERNA, NOUBAR AFEYAN, TELLS WALTER ISAACSON WHY AMERICA MUST RETURN TO CHOOSING SCIENCE.

♪ >> "AMANPOUR & COMPANY" IS MADE POSSIBLE BY -- THE ANDERSON FAMILY ENDOWMENT.

JIM ATTWOOD AND LESLIE WILLIAMS.

CANDACE KING WEIR.

THE SYLVIA A. AND SIMON B. POYTA PROGRAMMING ENDOWMENT TO FIGHT ANTISEMITISM.

THE STRAUS FAMILY FOUNDATION.

THE PETER G. PETERSON AND JOAN GANZ COONEY FUND.

CHARLES ROSENBLUM.

MONIQUE SCHOEN WARSHAW.

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BARBARA HOPE ZUCKERBERG.

AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.

>>> WELCOME TO THE PROGRAM, EVERYONE.

I'M BIANNA GOLODRYGA IN NEW YORK SITTING IN FOR CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR.

WELL, TODAY MARKS ONE YEAR SINCE PRESIDENT TRUMP BEGAN HIS SECOND TERM.

IN JUST ONE YEAR WE'VE SEEN SEISMIC SHIFTS IN AMERICA'S FOREIGN POLICY SUCH AS HIS RELENTLESS BID FOR GREENLAND.

AHEAD OF HIS TRIP TO DAVOS FOR THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM THIS IS WHAT HE HAD TO SAY.

>> WE HAVE TO HAVE IT.

THEY HAVE TO HAVE THIS DONE.

THEY CAN'T PROTECT IT.

DENMARK, THEY'RE WONDERFUL PEOPLE, AND I KNOW THE LEADERS, THEY'RE VERY GOOD PEOPLE.

BUT THEY -- THEY DON'T EVEN GO THERE.

>> PRESIDENT TRUMP HAS AGREED TO MEET WITH EUROPEAN LEADERS IN DAVOS ON THE MATTER.

BUT HE'S ALSO BEEN RAMPING UP HIS FEUD WITH THEM BY EXPOSING PRIVATE MESSAGES ON TRUTH SOCIAL, INCLUDING THAT OF FRENCH PRESIDENT MACRON, WHO WROTE "I DO NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU ARE DOING ON GREENLAND."

PLUS HE'S NOW THREATENING AN ADDITIONAL 200% TARIFFS ON FRENCH WINE IF MACRON REFUSES TO JOIN HIS GAZA BOARD OF PEACE.

IN AN ADDRESS AT DAVOS PRESIDENT MACRON SAID, "WE DO PREFER RESPECT TO BULLIES" AND HELD HIS GROUND.

>> CONFLICT HAS BECOME NORMALIZED.

HYBRID EXPANDING INTO NEW, DIGITAL, CYBER INFORMATION TRADE AND SO ON.

IT'S A SHIFT TOWARD A WORLD WITHOUT RULES WHERE INTERNATIONAL LAW IS TRAMPLED UNDER FOOT AND WHERE THE ONLY LAW THAT SEEMS TO MATTER IS THAT OF THE STRONGEST AND IMPERIAL AMBITIONS ARE RESURFACING.

>> SO HOW DO WE MAKE SENSE OF THIS INCREDIBLY TURBULENT MOMENT FOR AMERICA AND EUROPE?

AND WHERE DOES IT LEAVE THE NATO ALLIANCE?

DEMOCRATIC SENATOR CHRIS COONS WANTS TO DE-ESCALATE TENSIONS AND HAS JUST FINISHED A BIPARTISAN CONGRESSIONAL VISIT TO DENMARK.

AND HE JOINS US FROM DAVOS WITH MORE.

SENATOR, GOOD TO SEE YOU.

I WANT TO GET TO YOUR TRIP IN JUST A MOMENT TO DENMARK, BUT LET'S TALK ABOUT THE LATEST HEADLINES, SPECIFICALLY FROM THE PRESIDENT IN HIS ESCALATING THREATS FOR GREENLAND.

THE "WALL STREET JOURNAL" EDITORIAL BOARD WARNED THAT PRESIDENT TRUMP'S GREENLAND CAMPAIGN RISKS ACCOMPLISHING RUSSIA'S LONG-HELD GOAL OF BREAKING THE TRANS-ATLANTIC ALLIANCE.

YOU YOURSELF HAVE SAID THAT THIS IS A FIGHT, QUOTE, WITH ENORMOUS COST FOR U.S.

SECURITY AND PROSPERITY DRIVEN BY LITTLE MORE THAN A VANITY PROJECT.

AT WHAT POINT DOES CONGRESS HAVE TO TREAT THIS AS NOT JUST PURE RHETORIC BUT A THREAT TO THE NATO ALLIANCE AS A WHOLE?

BECAUSE THAT DOES SEEM TO BE HOW EUROPEAN LEADERS ARE VIEWING THIS.

>> THAT'S RIGHT.

A YEAR AGO I SAT DOWN AND MET WITH THE DANISH FOREIGN MINISTER, THE ICELANDIC -- EXCUSE ME, THE GREENLANDIC FOREIGN MINISTER AND ASKED THEM A FEW SIMPLE QUESTIONS.

IS THERE A REAL AND IMMINENT THREAT TO GREENLAND AND ITS SECURITY FROM RUSSIA AND CHINA?

NO.

WOULD YOU WELCOME ADDITIONAL INVESTMENTS BY THE AMERICANS IN ARCTIC SECURITY IN GREENLAND?

YES.

WOULD YOU WORK WITH US TO UNLOCK THE ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF GREENLAND?

ABSOLUTELY.

THIS WAS A YEAR AGO, WHEN PRESIDENT TRUMP WAS FIRST THREATENING TO TRY AND TAKE GREENLAND.

AND HE MOVED ON FROM THAT SUBJECT.

A FEW MONTHS LATER IT DIED DOWN, IT WENT AWAY.

NOW IT IS AN URGENT THREAT, BOTH TO NATO, TO OUR ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP WITH EUROPE THROUGH THE EU, AND TO OUR REPUTATION AS A TRUSTWORTHY PARTNER AND ALLY.

I HOPE BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE THAT PRESIDENT TRUMP WATERS DOWN OR SLOWS DOWN HIS HARSH AND UNPRINCIPLED RHETORIC BECAUSE IT IS BEGINNING TO MOVE.

OUR MARKETS HAVE RESPONDED TODAY.

THE LARGEST DANISH PENSION FUND IS SELLING OFF ITS U.S.

TREASURIES.

THE EUROPEAN LEADERS I'VE MET WITH YESTERDAY AND TODAY ARE SAYING THEY ARE ALARMED.

AND THEY'RE GOING TO BEGIN HEDGING.

THEY'RE GOING TO BEGIN OPENING TO OTHER PARTNERS THAN THE UNITED STATES.

THESE DEVELOPMENTS BY PRESIDENT TRUMP ARE ENCOURAGING PUTIN BECAUSE HIS GOAL FOR DECADES HAS BEEN TO END THE NATO ALLIANCE.

THIS IS ACCELERATING THAT DANGEROUS DAY.

>> IT DOES SEEM LIKE THE JUSTIFICATION AND THE EXPLANATION FROM THE PRESIDENT'S TOP ADVISERS KEEP CHANGING AND THAT FROM THE PRESIDENT HIMSELF.

FIRST YOU HAVE THE TREASURY SECRETARY SAYING THAT THE PRESIDENT IS TRYING TO PRE-EMPT A THREAT.

HERE IN THE "NEW YORK TIMES" THE PRESIDENT HAD SAID THAT THIS WAS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY NEEDED SUCCESS FOR HIM PERSONALLY.

HE ALSO ALLUDED TO THE FACT THAT HE WAS DOING THIS BECAUSE HE DID NOT WIN THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE.

AND THE LATEST, I DO WANT TO GET YOU TO RESPOND TO, BECAUSE HIS SPECIAL ENVOY TO GREENLAND, JEFF LANDRY, TODAY IS NOW ARGUING THAT BECAUSE MORE AMERICANS DIED DEFENDING GREENLAND IN WORLD WAR II THAN DANES DIED THE U.S.

HAVE A SUPERIOR CLAIM TO THE TERRITORY TODAY, CALLING DENMARK UNSERIOUS ABOUT ITS OWN DEFENSE.

YOU I KNOW WERE AT A WREATH-LAYING CEREMONY IN DENMARK THIS WEEK WITH A GROUP OF BIPARTISAN MEMBERS OF CONGRESS HONORING THOSE DANES WHO FOUGHT ALONGSIDE AND SERVED WITH U.S.

TROOPS IN BOTH AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ.

HOW DO YOU RESPOND TO THIS NEW CLAIM?

>> LOOK, THE WAY THAT YOU EARN TRUST WITH ALLIES IS THROUGH SACRIFICE.

25 YEARS AGO WHEN THE UNITED STATES WAS ATTACKED THE DANES DIDN'T EVEN ASK.

THEY IMMEDIATELY JOINED US IN DEPLOYMENTS TO AFGHANISTAN AND LATER TO IRAQ.

AND ON A PER CAPITA BASIS THEY LOST MORE DANISH SOLDIERS THAN ANY OTHER NATO ALLY.

WHEN I WAS HONORED TO JOIN WITH MY SENATE AND HOUSE COLLEAGUES IN LAYING A WREATH AT THE MEMORIAL TO THOSE WHO SERVED AND DIED IN IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN IT WAS A VERY EMOTIONAL MOMENT.

AS WE WERE THINKING ABOUT HOW THEIR FAMILIES VIEW THIS.

WHEN PRESIDENT TRUMP SAYS THAT DENMARK CAN'T DEFEND GREENLAND, THAT'S NOT THE RIGHT FRAMING.

NATO IS WHAT IS SUPPOSED TO DEFEND GREENLAND, AND WE'RE A PART OF NATO.

NONE OF THE OTHER NATO COUNTRIES IN EUROPE CAN DEFEND THEMSELVES ALONE AGAINST RUSSIA.

LATVIA CAN'T.

GREECE CAN'T.

ROMANIA CAN'T.

FINLAND CAN'T.

BUT ALL OF US TOGETHER, ALL THE NATIONS OF NATO, WE ARE THE STRONGEST MILITARY ALLIANCE ON EARTH.

AND OUR NATO ALLIES HAVE STEPPED UP IN THE PAST YEAR AND DRAMATICALLY INCREASED THEIR SPENDING, THEIR INVESTMENT IN DEFENSE.

THAT'S SOMETHING THAT'S HAPPENED IN THIS PAST YEAR, AND IT'S SOMETHING PRESIDENT TRUMP SHOULD BE CELEBRATING AND RECOGNIZING RATHER THAN BERATING AND THREATENING THEM.

THIS IS A PIVOTAL MOMENT FOR HIM TO EITHER RECOGNIZE THAT DANES HAVE SACRIFICED AND NATO HAS VALUE OR TO PUT IT AT FURTHER RISK.

>> I DO NOTICE YOU'RE WEARING A DANISH U.S.

FLAG PIN THERE AS WELL.

YOU HAVE ALSO BEEN TRYING TO EASE TENSIONS AND SUGGESTING THAT YOU HOPE BUSINESS LEADERS AND WORLD LEADERS CAN LEVEL FACE WITH PRESIDENT TRUMP TOMORROW AND EXPLAIN TO HIM EVERYTHING YOU'VE JUST LAID OUT.

I WOULD IMAGINE THIS ISN'T THE FIRST TIME THAT PEOPLE HAVE TRIED TO EXPLAIN TO HIM WHAT'S AT STAKE.

WHY ARE YOU STILL OPTIMISTIC THAT SOMETHING CAN CHANGE BETWEEN NOW AND THEN?

>> I'M NOT SURE I'M THAT OPTIMISTIC.

IT'S JUST THAT THE ALTERNATIVE IS SO CATASTROPHIC.

MOST OF THE FOLKS I'VE SPOKEN TO, BUSINESS LEADERS, MILITARY LEADERS, ELECTED LEADERS HAVE SAID THIS IS UNTHINKABLE.

AND THE PROBLEM IS WE NOW HAVE TO THINK ABOUT IT.

SERIOUSLY.

AND TAKE SERIOUSLY THE RISKS OF THIS MOMENT.

PRESIDENT TRUMP IS RISKING ENORMOUS COSTS TO THE UNITED STATES FOR VERY LITTLE GAIN.

GREENLAND IS A REMOTE, BARELY ACCESSIBLE PLACE THAT IS OVERWHELMINGLY ICE AND ROCK AND HAS A VERY SMALL POPULATION.

PICKING FIGHTS WITH OUR MOST TRUSTED AND VALUABLE ALLIES OVER THIS IS JUST NOT A SMART THING TO DO.

>> THERE HAVE BEEN A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES THAT ALLIES AND EVEN MEMBERS OF CONGRESS HERE HAVE TRIED TO TAKE OVER THIS LAST YEAR WITH PRESIDENT TRUMP TO TRY TO TALK HIM OUT OF SOME OF HIS MORE QUESTIONABLE POLICIES AND DECISIONS.

AND NOT ALL HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL.

AND I'M ASKING THIS BECAUSE I WANT TO GET YOUR RESPONSE TO GOVERNOR GAVIN NEWSOM, WHO'S ALSO THERE IN DAVOS AND KIND OF BERATED THE APPROACH THAT EUROPEAN LEADERS HAVE THUS FAR TAKEN IN RESPONSE TO PRESIDENT TRUMP IN SAYING THAT HE SAYS THAT THAT DOES NOT PRESENT STRENGTH AND HE THINKS THAT THEY SHOULD STAY TALL AND UNITED AND STOP APPEASING THE PRESIDENT.

DO YOU THINK THAT'S THE APPROPRIATE APPROACH?

DO YOU AGREE WITH GOVERNOR NEWSOM?

>> LOOK, I THINK IF YOU REVIEW THE LAST YEAR, WHEN PRESIDENT TRUMP LAUNCHED TARIFFS AGAINST CHINA CHINA PUSHED BACK HARD.

BECAUSE THEY HAVE A CRITICAL ADVANTAGE IN MINERALS AND MINING AND PROCESSING BECAUSE THEY HAD PREPARED FOR A TARIFF FIGHT.

AND ULTIMATELY PRESIDENT TRUMP BACKED DOWN.

WE DID HAVE A NEARLY FINISHED TARIFF DEAL THAT SECRETARY BESSENT HAS BEEN WORKING ON BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE EU.

AND GAVIN NEWSOM, GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA IS RIGHT, THE EUROPEANS CHOSE NOT TO PUNCH BACK BUT TO NEGOTIATE IN GOOD FAITH, BELIEVING THAT THE IMPORTANCE OF MARKET ACCESS HERE IN EUROPE AND THE SIGNIFICANCE AND DEPTH OF OUR SECURITY RELATIONSHIP MADE IT MORE VALUABLE AND MORE REASONABLE TO NEGOTIATE.

THAT HASN'T WORKED OUT WELL IF IN FACT PRESIDENT TRUMP KEEPS USING TARIFFS TO THREATEN OUR EU PARTNERS, THIS IS GOING TO BE A MOMENT OF TRUTH FOR THEM WHERE THEY'VE GOT TO DECIDE ON THEIR PATH.

AND I THINK GOVERNOR NEWSOM IS GIVING THEM GOOD ADVICE.

>> SO THAT'S ADVICE THAT YOU THINK THAT THEY SHOULD FOLLOW, THAT AT THIS POINT THEY SHOULD STAND UP TO THE PRESIDENT AND PERHAPS RESPOND IN KIND?

>> LOOK, THEY'VE GOT TO MAKE THEIR DECISIONS BASED ON CONVERSATIONS TOMORROW THAT WILL BE HAPPENING HERE BETWEEN SENIOR LEADERS AND PRESIDENT TRUMP.

AT THE END OF THE DAY WHAT I'M DOING AS AN AMERICAN SENATOR IS TRYING TO ADVANCE WHAT IS IN AMERICA'S BEST INTERESTS.

3/4 OF AMERICANS DON'T WANT US TO GO AFTER GREENLAND, TO USE FORCE OR TO USE THREATS AGAINST OUR ALLIES TO TRY AND SECURE GREENLAND.

THEY'D RATHER SEE US FOCUSING ON LOWERING HEALTH CARE COSTS, ON DEALING WITH HOUSING COSTS, ON MAKING AMERICA HEALTHY AGAIN.

AND THAT'S NOT WHAT IS BEING PRINCIPALLY ADVANCED BY A VARIETY OF FOREIGN ADVENTURES BY PRESIDENT TRUMP.

SO I'M HOPEFUL THAT IN THEIR DIRECT CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN EUROPEAN LEADERS AND PRESIDENT TRUMP TOMORROW THEY CAN AVERT GOING OVER THE EDGE.

BUT IF WE DO WE'RE GOING TO BE IN FOR A ROUGH RIDE AS A COUNTRY.

>> WELL, AND YOU ARE ANSWERING FOR CONSTITUENTS BACK HERE IN YOUR HOME STATE, AND I DO WONDER BECAUSE YOU HAVE THE PRESIDENT'S TREASURY SECRETARY WARNING, WARNING THESE ALLIES NOT TO RETALIATE AND NOT TO POTENTIALLY EVEN USE THE BAZOOKA TARIFF RESPONSE, WHICH THEY HAVE AT THEIR DISPOSAL, AND THAT'S ISSUING TARIFFS ON GOODS AND SERVICES.

THAT WOULD HAVE A DIRECT EFFECT ON YOUR CONSTITUENTS AS WELL HERE IN THE UNITED STATES.

IS THAT SOMETHING THEN TO FOLLOW UP ON WHAT GAVIN NEWSOM HAS ADVISED EUROPEAN LEADERS?

IS THAT WHAT YOU THINK IS WARRANTED AT THIS POINT?

DOESN'T THAT PUT YOU IN AN AWKWARD POSITION WITH YOUR OWN CONSTITUENTS?

>> SO LET ME TELL YOU WHAT'S JUST HAPPENED WITH ONE OF OUR OTHER CLOSE TRUSTED ALLIES, CANADA.

CANADA IS THE LARGEST EXPORT MARKET FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES FROM MY HOME STATE OF DELAWARE, AS IT IS FOR A MAJORITY OF AMERICAN STATES.

THE PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA JUST WENT TO CHINA AND IS OPENING A NEW TRADING RELATIONSHIP WITH CHINA.

CANADA STOOD BY OUR SIDE FOR YEARS AND JOINED US IN SOME IMPORTANT SECURITY ISSUES, TOOK SOME RISKS ON OUR BEHALF IN THE LAST COUPLE OF YEARS, AND THEY WERE REWARDED WITH TARIFFS THAT PUNISHED THEIR AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY.

ULTIMATELY THE PRIME MINISTER DECIDED THEY HAD TO GO STAND TOUGH AGAINST THE UNITED STATES AND CUT NEW DEALS WITH CHINA.

PRESIDENT TRUMP COMPLIMENTED PRIME MINISTER CARNEY ON DOING THIS.

IN MY VIEW THIS IS AN ALARMING TREND, THAT CLOSE AND TRUSTED ALLIES WHOSE ECONOMIES ARE INTERTWINED WITH OURS ARE GOING TO START PRICING RISK FROM THE UNITED STATES AND FINDING ALTERNATIVES.

CANADA'S ONE ECONOMY, BUT THE EUROPEAN UNION IS THE SINGLE BIGGEST ECONOMY IN THE WORLD OTHER THAN THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA.

WE'D RATHER HAVE THEM OPEN TOWARD US RATHER THAN REALIGNING TOWARD CHINA.

AND THAT'S ONE OF THE KEY THINGS THAT'S AT RISK HERE.

IF THEY APPLY 90 BILLION EUROS OF TARIFFS ON AMERICAN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES, THAT'S OVER $100 BILLION, THAT'LL HAVE A HUGE IMPACT ON OUR ECONOMY AND OUR COST OF LIVING.

>> RIGHT.

AND DESPITE THE TARIFFS THAT THE UNITED STATES HAS POSED ON CHINA, CHINA LAST YEAR FOR THE FIRST TIME RECORDED A TRADE SURPLUS, REALLY HIGHLIGHTING THE POINT THAT YOU ARE MAKING, THAT THEY HAVE MANY OTHER TRADE PARTNERS THAT THEY CAN SEEK OUT AROUND THE WORLD.

THE PRESIDENT STILL HASN'T RULED OUT THE USE OF MILITARY FORCE.

HOWEVER UNLIKELY THAT MAY BE.

TO ACQUIRE GREENLAND.

I KNOW SO MANY PEOPLE ARE ASKING YOU BOTH DOMESTICALLY, HERE IN THE STATES, AND WHILE YOU'RE TRAVELING ABROAD, WHAT CAN CONGRESS DO TO PREVENT THAT FROM HAPPENING?

SO WHAT IS THE ANSWER TO THAT QUESTION?

>> SO FIRST, THAT IS THE SINGLE MOST OUTRAGEOUS AND DANGEROUS THING PRESIDENT TRUMP IS DOING, IS NOT RULING OUT THE USE OF FORCE AGAINST A NATO ALLY.

THAT UNDERMINES THE ENTIRE IDEA BEHIND NATO.

AND I'LL REMIND YOU, THE ONLY TIME THAT THE MUTUAL PROTECTION, THE MUTUAL SECURITY GUARANTEE OF NATO HAS BEEN INVOKED WAS ON BEHALF OF THE UNITED STATES AFTER THE ATTACKS OF 9/11.

WHERE THOSE DANES WHO SERVED AND DIED ALONGSIDE AMERICANS WENT TO AFGHANISTAN.

SO CONGRESS CAN AND SHOULD TAKE UP AND PASS A WAR POWERS RESOLUTION TO RESTRAIN THE USE OF FORCE AGAINST NATO ALLIES.

MY HOPE IS THAT WON'T BE NECESSARY BUT IT MAY VERY WELL.

THERE ARE DIFFERENT BILLS THAT HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED IN BOTH THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE THAT WOULD RESTRAIN THE PRESIDENT'S USE OF TARIFFS AGAINST NATO ALLIES OR RESTRAIN THE PRESIDENT'S USE OF FORCE AGAINST NATO ALLIES.

NATO IS STRONGLY SUPPORTED IN CONGRESS IN BOTH THE HOUSE AND SENATE BECAUSE FOR MORE THAN 75 YEARS IT'S KEPT THE PEACE IN EUROPE AND IT'S HELPED KEEP AMERICA SECURE AND PROSPEROUS.

AGAIN, THE ONLY FOLKS CHEERING THIS DEVELOPMENT ARE XI JINPING OF CHINA AND VLADIMIR PUTIN OF RUSSIA.

>> AT THIS POINT HOW MANY REPUBLICANS DO YOU THINK CAN SPEAK PUBLICLY AND LIVE UP TO THEIR PLEDGE TO RESTRAIN THE PRESIDENT THE WAY YOU JUST DID?

>> WE'LL HAVE TO SEE.

BECAUSE AS OF THE TIME I WAS LEAVING WASHINGTON A LOT OF FOLKS WERE STILL SAYING OH, THIS IS JUST AN IDLE THREAT OR WE NEED TO SEE HOW THIS PLAYS OUT.

AND WE'RE NOT READY TO TAKE ANY TOUGH PUBLIC STEPS.

BUT AS THIS HAS BECOME CLEARER AND CLEARER AS A REAL THREAT TO OUR SECURITY, TO OUR ECONOMY, TO OUR FUTURE AS A COUNTRY, MORE ARE WILLING TO.

THEY'RE HOPING THAT PRIVATE CONVERSATIONS WILL ACHIEVE THAT OBJECTIVE.

AND THAT'S GOING ON RIGHT NOW.

THERE ARE MEMBERS WHO'VE BEEN MAKING REAL EFFORTS TO GET THE PRESIDENT TO RECONSIDER.

BUT IF NOT, WHEN WE GET BACK INTO SESSION NEXT WEEK WE'RE GOING TO NEED TO MOVE AHEAD.

>> SENATOR CHRIS COONS, ALWAYS GOOD TO SEE YOU.

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE TIME.

REALLY APPRECIATE IT.

>> THANK YOU, BIANNA.

>>> WELL, TURNING NOW TO PRESIDENT TRUMP'S PLANS TO HOLD A SIGNING CEREMONY FOR HIS GAZA BOARD OF PEACE.

IT'S PART OF HIS 20-POINT PLAN TO END THE ISRAEL-HAMAS WAR AND OVERSEE THE RECONSTRUCTION OF GAZA.

MANY COUNTRIES RECEIVED AN INVITATION, INCLUDING RUSSIAN PRESIDENT PUTIN AND BELARUSIAN PRESIDENT LUKASHENKO.

BUT SINCE THE ADMINISTRATION REVEALED ITS PLAN ISRAELI PRIME MINISTER NETANYAHU HAS EXPRESSED FRUSTRATION AT THE INCLUSION OF TURKEY AND QATAR AS KEY -- IN KEY COMMITTEE ROLES, CITING A LACK OF COORDINATION FROM THE UNITED STATES.

OPPOSITION LEADER YAIR LAPID ALSO AGREED SAYING THIS IS A, QUOTE, DIPLOMATIC FAILURE FOR ISRAEL.

SO LET'S BRING IN CORRESPONDENT JEREMY DIAMOND FOR MORE DETAILS.

AND JEREMY, SPECIFICALLY AS IT RELATES TO ISRAEL AND THEIR PUSHBACK ON THE INCLUSION OF TURKEY AND QATAR ON THIS BOARD OF PEACE, HOW MUCH OF THIS IS JUST THE ISRAELI GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIME MINISTER FOR HIS PART PUBLICLY POSTURING HIS OUTRAGE, OR IS THERE REAL DAYLIGHT BEHIND THE SCENES BETWEEN THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION AND THE NETANYAHU GOVERNMENT ON THE PLANNING FOR THIS BOARD OF PEACE?

>> WELL, THERE'S NO QUESTION THAT IT CERTAINLY IS THE FORMER.

THE ISRAELI PRIME MINISTER NEEDS TO MAKE KIND OF A BIG PUBLIC STATEMENT HERE IN ISRAEL WHERE EVEN OPPOSITION FIGURES SUCH AS YAIR LAPID HAVE BEEN -- YOU KNOW, EXPRESSED SOME DEGREE OF OUTRAGE THAT TURKEY AND QATAR ARE GOING TO BE INVOLVED IN POST-GAZA GOVERNANCE.

BUT THERE DOES ALSO SEEM TO BE SOME FRICTION HERE, SOME REAL FRICTION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL OVER THE FORMATION OF THIS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE TO OVERSEE THE TECHNOCRATIC OFFICIALS, PALESTINIAN OFFICIALS WHO WILL ACTUALLY IMPLEMENT THE DAY-TO-DAY GOVERNANCE OF THE GAZA STRIP.

SOME OF THAT IS INDEED OVER THE INCLUSION OF TURKEY AND QATAR AS MEMBERS OF THIS EXECUTIVE BOARD OVERSEEING GAZA GOVERNANCE.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT WHILE THE ISRAELI PRIME MINISTER HAS TALKED ABOUT QATAR AND TURKEY'S ROLES IN TERMS OF HARBORING AND AT TIMES FINANCING HAMAS, THEY ALSO WERE THE TWO COUNTRIES THAT WERE CRITICAL TO GETTING HAMAS ON BOARD WITH THE CEASEFIRE AGREEMENT THAT HAS RESULTED IN THE LAST THREE MONTHS OF A CEASEFIRE AND THE RETURN OF ALL ISRAELI HOSTAGES MINUS ONE DECEASED HOSTAGE WHOSE BODY IS STILL INSIDE OF GAZA.

BUT THERE HAVE BEEN OTHER FRICTION POINTS AS OF LATE AS WELL.

REMEMBER, ISRAEL COMMITTED ON JANUARY 1st AFTER PRIME MINISTER NETANYAHU MET WITH PRESIDENT TRUMP TO OPEN THAT RAFAH CROSSING FOR PALESTINIANS TO GO BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN GAZA AND EGYPT.

THAT STILL HAS NOT HAPPENED AMID SOME OF THESE FRICTION POINTS THAT ARE STILL VERY MUCH ONGOING.

THE ISRAELIS OF COURSE WERE ALSO UPSET AT THE FACT THAT THE UNITED STATES ANNOUNCED THE MOVE TO PHASE 2 BEFORE THE BODY OF THAT LAST DECEASED HOSTAGE, RAN GVILI, COULD BE BROUGHT BACK TO ISRAEL FOR BURIAL.

AND I THINK IN SOME WAYS THE UNITED STATES AND JARED KUSHNER AND THE TEAM THAT HAS KIND OF BEEN WORKING TO PUSH THIS CEASEFIRE ALONG ARE VERY MUCH TRYING TO KIND OF TAKE BACK CONTROL OF WHAT GOES ON IN GAZA AND WHEN THINGS HAPPEN IN GAZA.

AND IN THE BACKGROUND OF ALL THIS IT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW THAT THE ISRAELI PRIME MINISTER AND THE ISRAELI MILITARY ARE PREPARING FOR A POTENTIAL GROUND OFFENSIVE IN GAZA.

MILITARY PLANS VERY MUCH BEING COOKED UP AT THE MOMENT FOR A POTENTIAL RETURN TO WAR IN THE SAME WAY THAT HAMAS HAS ALSO BEEN PREPARING FOR A POTENTIAL RETURN TO WAR, PRIMARILY OVER THIS ISSUE OF HAMAS'S DISARMAMENT.

SO THERE ARE A LOT OF FRICTION POINTS CURRENT AND ALSO THAT MAY LAY AHEAD IN THE COMING WEEKS AND MONTHS AHEAD OF THIS PHASE 2 AGREEMENT.

AND SOME OF THAT OF COURSE DOES CENTER ON THE GOVERNANCE OF GAZA AND THE NEXT STEPS THERE.

>> THIS BOARD OF PEACE, THOUGH, JEREMY, SEEMS TO HAVE AMBITIONS FAR WIDER THAN JUST THE REHABILITATION AND THE REBUILDING OF GAZA.

THERE HAVE BEEN THOSE THAT HAVE SUGGESTED THIS IS SORT OF A TRIAL BALLOON FOR A REPLACEMENT FOR THE UNITED NATIONS.

AND INVITATIONS HAVE GONE OUT TO CAPITALS AROUND THE WORLD.

IS THAT WHAT THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS HERE FOR THE ADMINISTRATION?

>> I MEAN, IT INCREASINGLY LOOKS THAT WAY.

AND THE PRESIDENT HIMSELF KIND OF HINTED AT THAT IN AN INTERVIEW WITH REUTERS LAST WEEK WHERE HE TALKED ABOUT THE BOARD OF PEACE BEING USED TO MANAGE AND RESOLVE CONFLICTS AROUND THE WORLD AS THEY CONTINUE TO CROP UP.

AND IN FACT THIS CHARTER THAT WAS SENT AROUND TO WORLD LEADERS WHO WERE INVITED TO JOIN, WHICH WE'VE CONFIRMED WITH SOURCES THE AUTHENTICITY OF THIS CHARTER, IT DOESN'T MENTION GAZA AT ALL.

IT TALKS BROADLY, VERY BROADLY ABOUT CONFLICTS AROUND THE WORLD AND THE ROLE THAT THIS BOARD OF PEACE COULD HAVE.

U.S.

OFFICIALS HAVE TALKED ABOUT, YOU KNOW, THE INEFFICIENCY OF OTHER MECHANISMS TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS AROUND THE WORLD, AND WE KNOW OF COURSE THAT PRESIDENT TRUMP AND HIS ADMINISTRATION HAVE BEEN VERY CRITICAL NOT ONLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS BUT KIND OF THE CONCEPT OF MULTILATERALISM IN GENERAL.

SO IN MANY WAYS THIS DOES INCREASINGLY SEEM LIKE AN EFFORT TO KIND OF SUPPLANT THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS, THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL IN PARTICULAR.

AND I THINK THAT'S WHY YOU'RE SEEING SOME RETICENCE, IN PARTICULAR ON THE PART OF EUROPEAN OFFICIALS WHO NOT ONLY BALKED AT THE INCLUSION OF THE RUSSIAN PRESIDENT VLADIMIR PUTIN, WHO WAS INVITED TO JOIN THIS BOARD OF PEACE, BUT MORE BROADLY HAVE CONCERNS ABOUT WHAT THE ACTUAL INTENTION OF THE CREATION OF THIS BOARD OF PEACE ACTUALLY IS BEYOND THE GAZA STRIP.

AND SO IT SEEMS LIKE THERE ARE SOME LAST-MINUTE KIND OF BACK ROOM CONVERSATIONS BEFORE PRESIDENT TRUMP HAS THIS EVENT AT DAVOS TO KIND OF UNVEIL THIS BOARD OF PEACE WITH EUROPEAN DIPLOMATS AND OFFICIALS TRYING TO VERY MUCH CHANGE SOME OF THE LANGUAGE IN THIS CHARTER AND GET A BETTER GRASP OF WHAT THE ACTUAL INTENTION IS HERE.

>> JEREMY DIAMOND IN JERUSALEM FOR US.

THANK YOU SO MUCH.

>>> "I GLIMPSED A CIVIL WAR."

THOSE ARE THE WORDS OF OUR NEXT GUEST, WHO'S WITNESSED DONALD TRUMP'S ONGOING IMMIGRATION CRACKDOWN IN MINNEAPOLIS.

"NEW YORK TIMES" COLUMNIST LYDIA POLGREEN IS A MINNESOTA NATIVE, AND IN HER LATEST OP-ED SHE CALLS THE ADMINISTRATION'S MISSION THERE A, QUOTE, SPECTACLE OF CRUELTY.

AS DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST FEDERAL IMMIGRATION AGENTS CONTINUE, THE PENTAGON HAS SOME 1,500 ACTIVE-DUTY SOLDIERS PREPARING FOR POSSIBLE DEPLOYMENT TO THE STATE.

MEANTIME, MINNESOTANS ARE STILL SEEKING JUSTICE FOR THE DEATH OF RENEE GOOD.

SOURCES SAY THE FBI HAS SHIFTED ITS FOCUS FROM A PROBE INTO THE AGENT WHO SHOT GOOD TO AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CONDUCT OF PROTESTERS WHO WERE AROUND HER AT THE TIME.

AND NOW THE DOJ IS FIGHTING A FEDERAL COURT ORDER RESTRAINING I.C.E.

'S AGGRESSIVE TACTICS IN MINNESOTA.

LYDIA POLGREEN JOINS US NOW TO UNPACK WHAT'S GOING ON IN MINNEAPOLIS AND ACROSS AMERICA.

LYDIA, IT'S GOOD TO SEE YOU.

WELCOME TO THE PROGRAM.

SO IN THAT "NEW YORK TIMES" PIECE YOU WRITE, "MINNESOTA IS UNDER SIEGE, NOT JUST IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT BUT AN OCCUPATION DESIGNED TO PUNISH AND TERRORIZE."

YOU SAY THIS AS SOMEONE WHO HAS COVERED WARS, CIVIL WARS ABROAD.

SO I WOULD IMAGINE YOU DON'T USE THOSE WORDS LIGHTLY.

WHAT IS IT THAT YOU SAW THAT BROUGHT YOU TO THAT STUNNING OPINION?

>> WELL -- WELL, WE'VE ALL SEEN THE VIRAL VIDEOS.

OBVIOUSLY THE KILLING OF RENEE GOOD.

YOU KNOW, THE PEOPLE WHO ARE BEING DRAGGED OUT OF CARS AFTER HAVING THEIR WINDOWS SMASHED.

THERE WAS THE DISABLED WOMAN WHO WAS ALMOST KIND OF HOG-TIED AND CARRIED DOWN A RESIDENTIAL STREET IN MINNEAPOLIS.

SO WE'RE GETTING THESE GLIMPSES AND SNAPSHOTS OF WHAT'S HAPPENING.

BUT IN FACT, THERE'S JUST A BROADER ATMOSPHERE OF INTIMIDATION.

AND I THINK I WOULD GO SO FAR AS TO CALL IT TERROR.

YOU HAVE PEOPLE LIKE THE MAYOR OF MINNEAPOLIS -- I'M SORRY, PEOPLE LIKE THE MAYOR OF ST.

PAUL WHO CAME TO THE UNITED STATES AS A HMONG REFUGEE AT THE AGE OF 3 WHO TOLD ME THAT SHE CARRIES HER PROOF OF CITIZENSHIP WITH HER EVERYWHERE SHE GOES BECAUSE SHE'S WORRIED THAT IF SHE WAS STOPPED BY I.C.E.

THEY DON'T DETERMINE YOUR STATUS, YOU KNOW, THEY'RE BASICALLY DETAINING FIRST AND THEN ASKING QUESTIONS LATER.

AND IN FACT, A FAMILY FRIEND OF HERS WAS THAT GENTLEMAN THAT WE ALL SAW ON SOCIAL MEDIA WHO WAS DRAGGED OUT, AN ELDERLY GENTLEMAN WHO WAS DRAGGED OUT OF HIS HOME IN HIS BOXER SHORTS WITH JUST A LIGHT BLANKET DRAPED OVER HIS SHOULDERS.

THIS IS A PLACE WHERE THE -- WITH THE WIND CHILL FACTORED IN, YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT MINUS 20 DEGREES.

THIS GUY WAS WEARING BOXER SHORTS AND CROCS.

SO YOU KNOW, SCHOOL DESKS ARE EMPTY ACROSS THE STATE BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, CHILDREN OF IMMIGRANTS ARE AFRAID TO SEND THEIR CHILDREN TO SCHOOL.

YOU'VE GOT ALL KINDS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE JUST ENGAGING IN EXPRESSING THEIR FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS BY VIDEOTAPING THE ACTIVITIES OF I.C.E.

OR ASKING QUESTIONS OR TRYING TO DELAY OR DISTRACT I.C.E.

WHO ARE GETTING ARRESTED.

WE HAVE U.S.

CITIZENS.

WE HAVE NATIVE AMERICANS, PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN ON THIS LAND LONGER THAN ANY OF US, WHO ARE GETTING CAUGHT UP IN THIS.

IT REALLY IS AN EXTRAORDINARY REIGN OF TERROR THAT'S HAPPENING IN MINNESOTA RIGHT NOW.

>> AND THE ADMINISTRATION HASN'T RULED OUT FURTHER ESCALATION, INCLUDING THE PRESIDENT INVOKING THE INSURRECTION ACT AND THE DEPLOYMENT OF POTENTIALLY THOUSANDS OF MORE TROOPS THAT ARE NOW STATIONED IN ALASKA.

JUDGING BY JUST WHAT YOU'VE WITNESSED AND WHAT YOU'VE HEARD FROM MINNESOTANS THERE, WHAT WOULD THAT DO TO FURTHER DIVIDE THE TENSIONS BETWEEN LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS THERE AND RESIDENTS?

>> YEAH.

I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S BEEN REALLY EXTRAORDINARY ABOUT THE RESPONSE OF PEOPLE LIVING IN MINNESOTA IS THAT IT HAS BEEN, YOU KNOW -- IT HAS BEEN VERY MUCH OUT IN THE STREETS AND PEOPLE ARE VERY ORGANIZED BUT IT'S BEEN EXTRAORDINARILY DISCIPLINED.

I THINK THERE IS A DESIRE TO SEE THIS AS KIND OF RIOTING, DOMESTIC TERRORISTS IS WHAT THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION IS TRYING TO CALL THE PEOPLE WHO ARE COMING OUT TO PROTECT THEIR NEIGHBORS.

THE PROBLEM IS YOU'RE GOING TO SEE AN INCREASING CONFRONTATION.

AND I SAW THIS ON THE GROUND, WHERE YOU HAVE THE MINNEAPOLIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, YOU HAVE OTHER STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT BODIES THAT ARE REALLY KIND OF CAUGHT IN THE MIDDLE BETWEEN, YOU KNOW, THE FEDERAL AGENTS WHO ARE THERE TO CARRY OUT WHAT THEY CALL IS AN IMMIGRATION MISSION, AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT WHO ARE FRANKLY GETTING FLOODED WITH 911 CALLS AND EMERGENCIES BECAUSE OF THE ACTIVITIES THAT I.C.E.

IS ENGAGED IN RIGHT NOW.

AND I THINK IF YOU IMAGINE ADDING ANOTHER LAYER OF ACTIVE DUTY TROOPS ON TOP OF THAT I THINK YOU'RE LOOKING AT A REALLY COMBUSTIBLE SITUATION.

YOU KNOW, GOVERNOR TIM WALZ OF MINNESOTA HAS CALLED IN THE NATIONAL GUARD, AND THEY -- ON SOCIAL MEDIA THEY SAID THAT THE NATIONAL GUARD WILL BE WEARING THESE YELLOW REFLECTIVE VESTS AND THAT'S HOW YOU COULD TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ONE SIDE AND THE OTHER.

THIS IS -- THIS IS REALLY, YOU KNOW, KIND OF REDOLENT OF OTHER KINDS OF CONFLICTS THAT YOU'VE SEEN, WHERE YOU HAVE THE BLUE AND THE RED IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

AND IT'S JUST -- IT'S REALLY SHOCKING TO THINK ABOUT THOSE TYPES OF CONFRONTATIONS.

>> AND HE HASN'T DEPLOYED THE NATIONAL GUARD JUST YET.

BUT HE SAYS THAT THEY ARE AT THE READY.

IT'S NOW BEEN TWO WEEKS SINCE -- OR NEARLY TWO WEEKS SINCE THE SHOOTING OF RENEE GOOD.

I.C.E.

SAYS THERE HAVE BEEN 3,000 ARRESTS UNDER OPERATION METRO SURGE AND THAT THEY ARE TARGETING THE WORST OF THE WORST.

WE DON'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT WHO THEY'VE DETAINED.

WHAT CAN YOU TELL US FROM YOUR REPORTING ABOUT WHO THESE PEOPLE ARE?

ARE THEY PEOPLE WHO ARE INDEED THE WORST OF THE WORST WITH CRIMINAL RECORDS THAT ARE HERE ILLEGALLY?

>> WELL, AS WE'VE SEEN NATIONWIDE, IN EVER-DIMINISHING PERCENTAGE OF THOSE WHO ARE ARRESTED IN THESE -- DETAINED -- I THINK IT'S FAIR TO EVEN CALL THEM ABDUCTED IN THESE CIRCUMSTANCES ARE NOT CRIMINALS.

I MEAN, I THINK AT THIS POINT THE NATIONAL NUMBERS, WHICH GO BACK TO ABOUT OCTOBER, SAY THAT 70% OF THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN DETAINED HAVE NOT EVEN A TRAFFIC VIOLATION IN THEIR BACKGROUND.

SO IT'S SWEEPING UP EVERYBODY.

BUT ONE MORNING WHEN I WAS THERE IT WAS INCREDIBLY COLD AND I ROLLED UP ON A CORNER WHERE I FOUND SOME VOLUNTEERS WHO'D BEEN PATROLLING THE NEIGHBORHOOD NEAR A SCHOOL.

AND I HAD JUST MISSED AN I.C.E.

ENCOUNTER BETWEEN TWO GIRLS, ONE WHO SEEMED TO BE A TEENAGER, THE OTHER WHO SEEMED ALMOST PRETEEN, AND THEY HAD A LITTLE WHITE DOG IN THEIR PICKUP TRUCK WITH THEM.

I THINK THE OLDER TEENAGER WAS DROPPING ANOTHER CHILD OFF AT SCHOOL.

AND IT'S REALLY HARD TO IMAGINE HOW CHILDREN OF THAT AGE COULD POSSIBLY BE THE WORST OF THE WORST.

I MEAN, THIS LITTLE GIRL THAT THEY WERE HANDCUFFING AND PUTTING INTO THEIR VEHICLE, TO MY EYE DIDN'T LOOK OLDER THAN 12.

SO WHEN YOU SAY THE WORST OF THE WORST, IT'S HARD TO KNOW EXACTLY WHAT YOU MEAN.

IT JUST DOESN'T -- IT REALLY BEGGARS BELIEF.

>> AND WE'VE HEARD THE STATE OFFICIALS, THE GOVERNOR, MIKE WALZ, WE'VE HEARD JACOB FREY, THE MAYOR OF MINNEAPOLIS, WARN RESIDENTS NOT TO ESCALATE AND NOT TO USE THIS AS AN EXCUSE FOR I.C.E.

OFFICIALS TO BECOME MUCH MORE AGGRESSIVE IN THEIR TACTICS.

THEY ARE ARGUING, I.C.E.

OFFICIALS, THAT SOME OF THESE TACTICS ARE OBSTRUCTING THEM FROM DOING THEIR JOBS AND THUS IT IS SOME OF THESE PROTESTERS THAT ARE ESCALATING TENSIONS.

WHAT HAVE YOU SEEN WHEN YOU'VE BEEN THERE IN TERMS OF PROTESTER ESCALATION?

WE SHOULD REMIND VIEWERS THAT THE WEATHER TEMPERATURES HERE ARE FAR COLDER THAN I BELIEVE EVEN GREENLAND TODAY AND IN DAVOS, WHERE WE'VE BEEN COVERING THE OTHER PART OF THE SHOW.

>> YES.

IT'S INCREDIBLY COLD.

AND I THINK THAT'S ANOTHER THING THAT MAKES IT REMARKABLE TO SEE HOW MINNESOTANS ARE OUT IN FORCE.

NOW, MINNESOTANS ARE VERY TOUGH PEOPLE.

THEY THINK OF THEMSELVES AS THE NORTH STAR PROVIDING A KIND OF MORAL GUIDANCE TO THE COUNTRY WHICH I THINK VERY MUCH IS THE SPIRIT THAT I GREW UP WITH.

BUT YEAH, I THINK THAT YOU ARE DEFINITELY SEEING PROTESTERS GO OUT THERE AND QUITE FORCEFULLY ASSERT THEIR FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS.

I DID NOT SEE ANYTHING THAT I WOULD EVEN REMOTELY CHARACTERIZE AS VIOLENCE.

ARE PEOPLE BLOWING WHISTLES?

ABSOLUTELY.

ARE THEY FOLLOWING CARS, I.C.E.

VEHICLES THAT THEY'VE IDENTIFIED?

ABSOLUTELY.

ARE THEY OBEYING THE TRAFFIC LAWS AND NOT RUNNING RED LIGHTS, WHICH IS SOMETHING THAT THE I.C.E.

VEHICLES HAVE BEEN DOING?

THEY ARE OBEYING THE LAWS.

I WAS ON THE STREETS DURING A VERY TENSE CONFRONTATION AFTER A VENEZUELAN MAN HAD BEEN SHOT IN A NEIGHBORHOOD IN NORTH MINNEAPOLIS, AND YOU KNOW, THE PROTESTERS WERE EXTREMELY VOCAL BUT YOU KNOW, THERE WAS NO THROWING OF ROCKS, THERE WAS NO ATTEMPT TO BLOCK THE ROADS OR TO INTERFERE WITH ANYTHING THEY WERE DOING.

THE TACTICS REALLY SEEMED TO BE WALKING RIGHT UP TO THE EDGE OF WHAT WOULD BE CONSIDERED OBSTRUCTION.

SO FILMING, DELAYING, DISTRACTING, THINGS LIKE THAT IS THE OVERWHELMING MANDATE.

AND THE OTHER THING THAT PEOPLE ARE DOING THAT, YOU KNOW, REALLY HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH OBSTRUCTING OR DELAYING IS THEY'RE JUST TRYING TO HELP PEOPLE.

THERE ARE LOTS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE SHELTERING IN THEIR HOMES.

YOU KNOW, THERE ARE THESE BIG, YOU KNOW, TEXT MESSAGE NETWORKS BY WHICH PEOPLE ORGANIZE DISPATCHING FOOD DELIVERIES TO PEOPLE WHO ARE AFRAID TO LEAVE HOME TO GO TO WORK OR TO GO TO THE GROCERY STORE.

JUST A HUGE AMOUNT OF SOLIDARITY AMONG RESIDENTS OF MINNEAPOLIS, ST.

PAUL AND INDEED THE ENTIRE METROPOLITAN AREA.

>> WE SHOULD NOTE THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE HAS OPENED AN INVESTIGATION INTO OBSTRUCTION CHARGES AGAINST THE GOVERNOR AND THE MAYOR.

AND THAT HASN'T DETERRED THEM FROM CONTINUING TO SPEAK PUBLICLY AND ENCOURAGING THEIR CITIZENS TO USE THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS BUT ALSO NOT TO FALL INTO THE TRAP OF ESCALATING TO THE POINT WHERE WE ARE SEEING MORE VIOLENCE ON THE STREETS.

LET'S PLAY SOUND FROM THE MAYOR, JACOB FREY, FROM OVER THE WEEKEND WITH OUR JAKE TAPPER.

>> WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE INTIMIDATED.

IF THE GOAL HERE IS SAFETY, WE'VE GOT MANY MECHANISMS TO ACHIEVE SAFETY.

AND THE BEST WAY TO GET SAFETY IS NOT TO HAVE AN INFLUX OF EVEN MORE AGENTS AND IN THIS CASE MILITARY IN MINNEAPOLIS.

I NEVER THOUGHT IN A MILLION YEARS THAT WE WOULD BE INVADED BY OUR OWN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

>> AND HE ALSO ISSUED A WARNING TO AMERICANS THAT THIS COULD BE A CASE STUDY FOR SOMETHING SIMILAR HAPPENING IN YOUR OWN CITIES.

WHY IS IT THAT THE ADMINISTRATION HAS FOCUSED ON MINNEAPOLIS, ON THE STATE OF MINNESOTA, AND DO THE NUMBERS BACK UP THIS TYPE OF ACTION?

>> WELL, IT'S IRONIC BECAUSE YOU KNOW, MINNESOTA ACTUALLY HAS A RATE OF UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS THAT IS HALF THAT OF THE NATIONAL AVERAGE.

THIS IS A STATE THAT, YOU KNOW, IS ABOUT 75% WHITE.

SO I THINK THAT THE REASONS -- THERE ARE MANY REASONS FOR TARGETING MINNESOTA.

OBVIOUSLY, GOVERNOR TIM WALZ WAS ON THE TICKET THAT OPPOSED, YOU KNOW, DONALD TRUMP AND J.D.

VANCE IN THE 2024 ELECTION.

YOU KNOW, OSTENSIBLY THE REASON THAT HAS BEEN GIVEN BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FOR GOING INTO MINNESOTA IS, YOU KNOW, I THINK A VERY CLEAR AND WELL-DOCUMENTED AND QUITE MASSIVE FRAUD CASE THAT WAS BEING INVESTIGATED INVOLVING MANY MEMBERS OF THE SOMALI-AMERICAN COMMUNITY.

THAT IS AN INVESTIGATION THAT WAS ACTUALLY STARTED DURING THE BIDEN ADMINISTRATION.

THERE HAVE BEEN DOZENS OF ARRESTS AND CONVICTIONS ALREADY.

THERE ARE LOTS OF REASONS ON PAPER.

TO ME AS SOMEONE WHO'S FROM MINNESOTA I THINK THAT REALLY WHAT THIS IS, THOUGH, IS AN ASSAULT ON A STATE THAT REPRESENTS IN SOME WAYS THE KIND OF POLAR OPPOSITE OF WHAT THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION AND WHAT DONALD TRUMP HIMSELF AND STEPHEN MILLER, HIS SORT OF HENCHMAN, ARE TRYING TO IMPOSE UPON THE UNITED STATES.

THIS IS A STATE THAT HAS A LONG HISTORY OF WELCOMING REFUGEES, OF REALLY ROBUST CIVIL SERVICES, THAT REALLY BELIEVES IN NEIGHBORS HELPING NEIGHBORS.

AND I THINK THAT THEY'RE TRYING TO TEACH MINNESOTA A LESSON.

>> YEAH.

LYDIA POLGREEN, YOU GO FROM ONE COLD STATE TO ANOTHER HERE.

BRUTALLY COLD TEMPERATURES IN NEW YORK.

BUT WELCOME BACK HOME.

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

>>> $3 BILLION.

THAT IS THE ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF FUNDS LEFT UNSPENT THIS PAST YEAR AFTER THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION FROZE OR TERMINATED THOUSANDS OF GRANTS FOR THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH AND THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION.

TRUMP'S STANCE ON SCIENCE HAS BEEN NOTABLY CRITICAL IN HIS SECOND TERM, MAKING INFLAMMATORY STATEMENTS ON EVERYTHING FROM VACCINES TO AUTISM.

AT THE SAME TIME THE U.S.

HAS EXPERIENCED GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH COMPLICATIONS INCLUDING MEASLES CASES SURGING LAST YEAR TO THEIR HIGHEST LEVEL IN DECADES.

BEST KNOWN FOR CO-FOUNDING THE BIOTECH COMPANY MODERNA, NOUBAR AFEYAN JOINS WALTER ISAACSON TO DISCUSS WHY THE U.S.

SHOULD BE CHOOSING SCIENCE.

>> THANK YOU, BIANNA.

AND NOUBAR AFEYAN, WELCOME BACK TO THE SHOW.

>> GREAT TO BE BACK, WALTER.

>> EVERY YEAR YOU WRITE A LETTER ABOUT THE MIRACLES THAT ARE HAPPENING IN BIOTECH, AND I READ YOURS THIS YEAR AND IT HIT ME SUDDENLY THAT YOU HAD SOMETHING YOU WERE VERY ANGRY ABOUT TOO.

YOU SAID THINGS YOU'D NOT SEEN IN 40 YEARS IN BIOTECH.

AND LET ME READ YOU WHAT YOU SAID.

"WHILE WE'RE CLOSER THAN EVER TO REALIZING BIOTECHNOLOGY'S FULL POTENTIAL TO MAKE MIRACLES, WE'RE ALSO CLOSER THAN EVER TO THROWING THAT POTENTIAL AWAY.

WE'RE AT A RISK OF TAKING A SLEDGEHAMMER TO OUR MIRACLE MACHINE."

WHAT WERE YOU -- WHAT WERE YOU TALKING ABOUT?

>> WELL, WALTER, AS YOU KNOW, THE BIOTECH INDUSTRY, THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IS ONE OF A FEW SCIENCE-BASED INDUSTRIES.

THAT IS, THAT THE WORK THAT WE DO AS A SOCIETY TO MAKE NEW FINDINGS OF MECHANISMS OF DISEASE, NEW TARGETS AND ULTIMATELY NEW DRUGS AND VACCINES IS VERY MUCH PREDICATED ON A ROBUST SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE WHICH IN THIS COUNTRY HAS OPERATED AS A PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR AND IS ENTIRELY BASED ON THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

AND WHAT WE'RE SEEING IN THE RECENT PAST IS A LEVEL OF ATTACK ON THE OUTPUT OF SCIENCE AND ON WHAT THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CONSIDERS AS THE MOST OBJECTIVE FACTS BASED ON ALL THE EVIDENCE THAT IS BEING BASICALLY ATTACKED WITHOUT ANY COUNTERVAILING DATA.

AND WHAT WORRIES ME IS THAT SINCE THAT'S SUCH A FOUNDATION OF THIS ENTIRE BIOTECH ENTERPRISE AND BROADLY THE $3.2 TRILLION OF ECONOMIC VALUE THAT COMES FROM THE MEDICINES ENTERPRISE, THAT WE RISK TO LOSE WHAT HAS REALLY BEEN A MAINLY U.S.-BASED INDUSTRY.

AND THAT WORRIES ME BECAUSE IT'S COMING AT THE WORST POSSIBLE TIME IN VIEW OF ALL THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT ARE COMING OUT WITH TECHNOLOGY AND WITH ALL THE NEW FINDINGS.

>> WELL, LET'S START WITH THOSE OPPORTUNITIES.

YOU SAY WE'RE RISKING THROWING THEM AWAY.

BUT LET'S JUST DO A FEW IN THE PAST YEAR THAT SHOW WHAT WE'RE ABLE TO DO.

AND ONE OF THEM IS IN AN INJECTION THAT WOULD STOP HIV INFECTION.

RIGHT?

>> YES.

AND SO WE'VE SEEN AN INJECTION THAT ON A TWICE YEARLY BASIS CAN ESSENTIALLY STOP HIV FROM PERSISTING, PROPAGATING.

AND THE IMPACT OF THAT ON THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE INVOLVED, NOT JUST THERAPEUTICALLY BUT FROM A ABILITY TO LIVE WITH THIS TERRIBLE DISEASE IS JUST REALLY A LIFE CHANGER.

AND NOT ONLY THAT BUT THE COMPANY GILEAD SCIENCES, WHICH I DON'T HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH BUT I'M VERY PROUD OF AS A MEMBER OF THE BIOTECH INDUSTRY, HAS ALSO WORKED WITH GOVERNMENTS TO MAKE THIS AVAILABLE TO COUNTRIES TOGETHER WITH THE GATES FOUNDATION AND OTHERS THAT I THINK IS REALLY TAKING THE MIRACLES AND BRINGING THEM TO AS MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE.

AND SO THAT'S A REALLY GOOD EXAMPLE OF A SCIENTIFIC IDEA AND DISCOVERY GOING ALL THE WAY TO AFFECTING PEOPLE'S LIVES AND WE HAVE MANY, MANY MORE.

>> WELL, ONE OF THE OTHER MIRACLES THIS PAST YEAR WAS USING WHAT JENNIFER DOWDEN HELPED CREATE IN TERMS OF GENE EDITING, CRISPR TECHNOLOGY.

THERE WAS A KID K.J., A NEWBORN BABY WHO HAD A VERY RARE GENETIC DISEASE.

EXPLAIN HOW THAT IS A NEW FRONTIER TOO THAT WE HAD LAST YEAR.

>> WE HEAR A LOT ABOUT CHRONIC DISEASES BECAUSE MANY PEOPLE ARE AFFLICTED WITH THEM, WHICH ESSENTIALLY MAKES WHAT'S CALLED RARE GENETIC DISEASES, SOME OF THEM ULTRA RARE DISEASES, SOME OF THEM THERE'S TEN PEOPLE ON THE PLANET THAT HAVE IT.

ALMOST HOPELESS BECAUSE THERE'S NO ECONOMIC CASE THAT COULD BE MADE TO DEVELOP A TREATMENT FOR THEM.

BUT GENE EDITING THAT ALLOWED US TO TARGET, THE COMPANY THAT WORKED ON THIS, AND THE RESEARCHERS, ACADEMIC, HOSPITAL RESEARCHERS, THAT COULD BASICALLY DESIGN A ONE-OFF TREATMENT TO CORRECT THAT ERROR, INBORN ERROR THAT THEN LEADS TO THE DISEASE.

THAT IS NOT ONLY A LIFE SAVER FOR THE CHILD WHO HAS BASICALLY THE FIRST CASE BUT ALSO GIVES HOPE TO MANY OTHERS WITH OTHER SIMILAR ERRORS THAT CAN BE CORRECTED WITH THE SAME TECHNOLOGY.

SO IT'S THIS REUSABILITY, PROGRAMMABILITY OF NUCLEIC ACID-BASED MEDICINES THAT WE LEARNED ABOUT A DECADE OR MORE AGO THROUGH MRN.

A, THROUGH EVEN SRNA.

WE'RE SEEING WITH GENE EDITING.

AND AGAIN IT SEEMS LIKE WHAT GIVES A MIRACULOUS HOPE BUT IN REALITY IT'S BEEN REDUCED TO PRACTICE AND IT'S A MANMADE, HUMAN-MADE MIRACLE.

>> OKAY, THOSE ARE THE MIRACLES.

NOW LET'S GET TO THE BAD NEWS THAT YOU'VE TALKED ABOUT.

YOU WRITE, "I FEAR WE ARE HEADED FOR A DYSTOPIAN FUTURE OF DISEASE, DEPRIVATION, AND DECLINE."

LET'S GO THROUGH THE FACTORS.

IS ONE OF THEM THE CUTTING OF FEDERAL FUNDING FOR RESEARCH?

>> WELL, LOOK, SINCE THE BUSH FRONTIER EFFORTS AFTER WORLD WAR II ESTABLISHED THE RATIONALE FOR FEDERAL FUNDING AND VERY GENEROUS AND GROWING FEDERAL FUNDING THAT WAS BEHIND MANY OF THE SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES THROUGH NSF, THROUGH NIH OVER THE LAST DECADES, WE HAVE ENJOYED AN EXPANSIVE PROGRESSIVE PERIOD WHERE INVESTMENTS BY THE GOVERNMENT, FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, TAXPAYER DOLLARS INTO ADVANCEMENTS IN BASIC AND THEN APPLIED SCIENCE PRODUCED THE THOUSANDS OF INVENTIONS AND ADVANCES AND PAPERS THAT THEN LED EVENTUALLY TO PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS, MEDICINES, VACCINES, DIAGNOSTICS, ET CETERA.

THAT HAS BEEN TO THE BENEFIT OF AMERICAN CITIZENS AND THEN THE WHOLE GLOBE, WHO'S COME TO DEPEND ON ESSENTIALLY THAT PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP.

WHAT WE'RE SEEING NOW WITH A FAIRLY INDISCRIMINATE REDUCTION OF FUNDING THROUGH THE NIH AND NSF -- AND I SAY INDISCRIMINATE BECAUSE IT'S NOT SPECIFIC TO ONE SCIENCE PROJECT.

YOU MIGHT THINK THAT'S FAIR TO CUT ACROSS THE BOARD, BUT ACTUALLY CUTTING ACROSS THE BOARD JUST MEANS THAT THE ENTERPRISE IS NOT VALUED.

AND I DO THINK THAT THE NOTION THAT WE CAN RELY ON OTHER PEOPLE FUNDING BASIC RESEARCH AND THEN CHERRY-PICK THE THINGS THAT WE'D LIKE TO DEVELOP IN THIS COUNTRY IS COMPLETELY NOT FEASIBLE.

SO YES, I DO THINK THAT'S ONE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH THE SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE IS BECOMING CRIPPLED.

>> SO WHAT IS HAPPENING WITH THE COOPERATION WITH UNIVERSITIES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT?

>> LOOK, WE'VE GONE THROUGH A PERIOD WHERE WE'VE HAD BUDGETS PROPOSED THAT REDUCE NIH FUNDING, NSF FUNDING TO THE TUNE OF 25 TO 40%.

FORTUNATELY, VERY RECENTLY CONGRESS HAS PUSHED BACK ON THIS AND IT LOOKS LIKE THE FULL EXTENT OF THOSE REDUCTIONS WILL NOT BE REALIZED.

AND I'M GLAD FOR THAT.

BUT THE MERE SUGGESTION THAT IT SHOULD BE OUR POLICY TO DRAMATICALLY REDUCE THE FUNDING OF THAT TYPE OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH -- AND YOU'RE RIGHT IN POINTING OUT TO ME THAT MOST OF WHAT I WAS JUST MENTIONING STARTS WITH A SIGNIFICANT INVESTMENT IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH.

THAT IS SOMETHING THAT WE NEED TO PROTECT AND IT'S REALLY KIND OF SACROSANCT IN THE WAY THE WHOLE DOWNSTREAM PROCESS OCCURS.

YOU CUT OFF THE ROOTS, AND EVERYTHING ELSE DOWNSTREAM FROM THAT WILL ABSOLUTELY SUFFER.

>> BUT IS THAT JUST THE MONEY FOR THE UNIVERSITIES?

THE FELLOWSHIPS ARE GONE, VISAS ARE GONE, AND THERE SEEMS TO BE A CONCERTED ATTACK AGAINST RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES.

>> LOOK, I DON'T UNDERSTAND IT.

MOST PEOPLE WHO CONSIDER THEMSELVES WORLD CLASS WANT TO GO WHERE WORLD CLASS COMPETITION IS AND THAT'S BEEN THE U.S.

THE NOTION THAT WE WOULD EXCLUDE ESSENTIALLY STUDENTS FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD OR MAKE IT DIFFICULT FOR THEM, NOT GIVE THEM VISA APPOINTMENTS EVEN IF THEY'VE GOTTEN IN AND THEY'VE GOTTEN THEM, THIS IS THEIR LIFE DREAM, WE DON'T BENEFIT FROM THOSE STUDENTS FOR JUST THE FIVE YEARS THAT THEY DO A Ph.D.

PROGRAM.

WE BENEFIT FROM THEM FOR DECADES BECAUSE MANY IF NOT MOST OF THEM WANT TO STAY HERE AND CONTRIBUTE PRODUCTIVELY.

SO YEAH, THIS IS A SURPRISING IN MY VIEW REGRESSION, AND I'LL SAY, WALTER, AND I CAN SAY THIS HAVING EXPERIENCED IT IN MY LIFE, I VIEW MYSELF AS AN AMERICAN BY CHOICE.

I BECAME AN AMERICAN CITIZEN BECAUSE I WANTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THIS COUNTRY.

THIS IS A COUNTRY OF IMMIGRANTS.

IT'S JUST A QUESTION OF WHEN PEOPLE'S ANCESTRY CAME TO THIS COUNTRY.

AND WE'VE BENEFITED FROM THAT BECAUSE IMMIGRANTS HAVE BEEN THE REGENERATIVE FORCE ALMOST FROM AN EVOLUTIONARY STANDPOINT, THE REGENERATIVE FORCE OF WHAT I GREW UP IN LEBANON WHEN I FIRST HEARD ABOUT M.I.T.

AND ABOUT THE U.S.

AND WHEN I HEARD IN CANADA WHERE I GREW UP, IT BASICALLY IS A MELTING POT OF TALENT, OF AMBITION, OF HOPE.

AND THAT IS SOMETHING THAT SEEMS TO BE ALTERED.

FOR THE FIRST TIME IN A VERY LONG TIME.

SO I HOPE THAT POLICY MAKERS WILL SEE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN SOME OF THESE DECISIONS AND HOW THEY MIGHT AFFECT OUR COMPETITIVENESS GLOBALLY, IN BIOTECHNOLOGY, IN SCIENCE OVERALL AND IN TECHNOLOGY.

>> WELL, YOU JUST SPOKE ABOUT HOW YOU CAME FROM LEBANON TO GO TO M.I.T.

AND HAVE CREATED A GREAT COMPANY THAT BROUGHT US THINGS INCLUDING VACCINES AND COVID VACCINES.

BUT JUST THIS PAST WEEK PRESIDENT TRUMP CUT OFF ALL IMMIGRATION PROCESSING TO LEBANON, AMONG OTHER COUNTRIES.

HOW DO YOU FEEL PERSONALLY ABOUT THE COUNTRY THAT YOU CAME FROM BEING CUT OFF?

>> I FEEL -- I FEEL TERRIBLE ABOUT IT.

I FEEL TERRIBLE ABOUT IT.

I'M WORRIED BECAUSE AS AN AMERICAN BY CHOICE I WANT EVERY DAY FOR THE BEST IN THE WORLD TO MAKE THEIR WAY HERE AND COMPETE AND MAKE US BETTER.

I IN MY OLDER AGE, I'VE BEEN DOING THIS FOR A VERY LONG TIME, IN MY OLDER AGE I WANT TO BE THE BENEFICIARY OF THE NEXT WAVE OF THE ELON MUSKS OR THE SERGEY BRINS OR ANY NUMBER OF PEOPLE, SATYA NADELLAS THAT HAVE COME TO THIS COUNTRY AND BUILT A TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY JUST TO MENTION SOME SECTORS.

THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY.

SO YEAH, I THINK THAT WE WOULD BE FRANKLY KIND OF HYPOCRITICAL AS IMMIGRANT AMERICANS, CITIZENS, NOT TO RAISE OUR VOICE TO SAY WAIT A MINUTE, NOT ONLY THIS IS HOW WE GOT HERE BUT THIS IS HOW THE PARENTS AND THE GRANDPARENTS OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE MAKING THESE DECISIONS GOT HERE.

SO I DO THINK THAT IT'S IMPORTANT TO SPEAK UP AND POINT OUT PERHAPS THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF SOME OF THESE ACTIONS BECAUSE THEY'RE EXTREME AND THEY ARE URGENT.

>> SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES ROBERT KENNEDY JR.

CUT $500 MILLION THAT WAS GOING TO BE PART OF AN INVESTMENT IN MRNA VACCINES.

NOW, YOU'VE GOT A PERSONAL STAKE IN THAT.

YOUR COMPANY MODERNA, EVEN THE I THINK RNA PART OF THAT COMPANY NAME IS BECAUSE YOU DEVELOPED THOSE TYPE OF DRUGS, TELL ME WHAT THE MRNA VACCINES COULD DO AND WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT THIS CUT IN FUNDING.

>> WELL, LOOK, GOING BACK 15 YEARS, IN 2010, MY -- THE TEAM THAT I WORK WITH AND THEN EVENTUALLY COLLABORATORS STARTED WONDERING WHETHER WE COULD INJECT A MOLECULE IN A HUMAN BODY AND USE IT AS A FACTORY FOR ANY TYPE OF THERAPEUTIC AND THEN EVENTUALLY VACCINE.

AND THAT BASIC QUESTION, THAT WHAT IF WE COULD DO THIS, LED US TO DEVELOP A CORE TECHNOLOGY WHICH USED THE CODE OF LIFE IN THE FORM OF MRNA.

THAT BIG DREAM LED US TO SPEND WELL OVER A BILLION DOLLARS BUILDING THE TECHNOLOGY, THE DATA NEEDED TO PROVE THAT WE COULD DO THIS, AND ITS APPLICATIONS.

AND ONE OF THE AREAS OF APPLICATION WE HAD WORKED ON IN THIS COMPANY MODERNA FOR MANY YEARS BEFORE COVID STRUCK WAS IN VACCINES.

AND IN FACT, WE HAD COLLABORATED WITH THE NIH, ONE OF THE MAIN DRIVERS OF THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE FUNDING AT THAT TIME, FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES INCLUDING VACCINES AGAINST MULTIPLE FLU AND RNA-BASED COVID -- CORONAVIRUSES.

WHEN COVID HIT, ALL OF THAT FOUNDATION WAS NOW PUT TO USE IN AN EMERGENCY SENSE TO BE ABLE TO SEE IF WE COULD RAPIDLY DESIGN COMPUTATIONALLY, AND THAT TOOK LESS THAN A DAY, IN A FEW DAYS MAKE ENOUGH QUANTITIES TO START TESTING IN ANIMALS AND THEN VERY QUICKLY IN HUMANS.

AND AS YOU KNOW THE STORY, NINE MONTHS LATER THE FDA APPROVED AFTER A 30,000-SUBJECT TRIAL, MORE RIGOROUS THAN ANY -- OR MANY VACCINE TRIALS.

AN EFFECTIVE VACCINE THAT WOULD LESSEN THE DAMAGE DONE BY AN INFECTION IN A PERSON AND CERTAINLY REDUCE HOSPITALIZATIONS AS WAS SHOWN AND DEATHS BY OVER 94%.

SUBSEQUENTLY, THERE'S BEEN A LEVEL OF DOUBT THAT'S BEEN RAISED.

AGAIN, LOTS OF SCIENCE IS DONE, LOTS OF NEW DATA IS GENERATED, BUT THE PREPONDERANCE OF THE DATA HAS BEEN SUPPORTIVE NOT ONLY FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE VACCINES BUT OTHER VACCINE TYPES WHICH WE'VE TESTED SINCE AND NOW, MUCH MORE INTERESTINGLY, IN THE CANCER VACCINE FIELD, IN PARTICULAR INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPIES FOR CANCER PATIENTS THAT WERE SHOWING VERY EXCITING AND HOPEFUL RESULTS IN.

ALL OF THAT LED HUNDREDS OF LABORATORIES TO JOIN FROM ACADEMIA AND OTHER COMPANIES THE FRAY IN TRYING TO USE MRNA AS A STANDARD SET OF TOOLS TO BE ABLE TO TREAT MANY, MANY CONDITIONS AS WELL AS VACCINES.

WHEN THE NIH DECIDED THAT THEY WOULD STOP FUNDING THOSE, FRANKLY MUCH LESS TO THE DETRIMENT OF MODERNA THAN TO ALL OF THESE ACADEMIC LABS THAT WANTED TO MAKE YET NEW ADVANCES WITH THESE, AND THEN BY THE WAY, WE ALSO HAVEN'T SEEN A BETTER VACCINE TECHNOLOGY THAT COULD VERY RAPIDLY COME UP WITH YET ANOTHER AND YET ANOTHER VALUABLE PROTECTION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

SO THAT'S THE WAY I SEE IT.

>> LET ME READ YOU A QUOTE THAT SECRETARY ROBERT KENNEDY JR.

SAID, WHICH IS "THE IDEA THAT YOU SHOULD TRUST THE EXPERTS, A GOOD MOTHER DOESN'T DO THAT."

WHAT'S YOUR REACTION?

>> I THINK THAT ALL OF US WHEN IT COMES TO HEALTH AND IN PARTICULAR THE HEALTH OF OUR CHILDREN, AND I HAVE FOUR, HAVE THE OBLIGATION TO TRUST BUT VERIFY AND IN PARTICULAR TRUST EXPERTS.

THE VERIFICATION COMES FROM TALKING TO MULTIPLE EXPERTS, COMES FROM DOING ONE'S OWN RESEARCH.

BUT IT DOES NOT COME FROM MISTAKING OPINION FOR FACT.

AND SO I VIEW THAT RESPONSIBILITY FULLY THE JOB OF EVERY PARENT.

I THINK THAT EVERY AMERICAN PARENT TAKES THIS ON AND EVERY CITIZEN IN THE WORLD TAKES THIS ON AS BEST THEY CAN.

BUT AGAIN, I DON'T THINK THAT A MISTRUST OF EXPERTS IS THE ANSWER HERE.

I THINK THAT ONE NEEDS TO KIND OF KEEP AN OPEN MIND, GET THE FACTS.

BUT LISTEN, IF WE'RE NOT GOING TO TRUST DOCTORS WHO ARE TRAINED FOR DECADES SOMETIMES OF THEIR LIVES AND THEN DEDICATE THEIR LIVES TO PROVIDING A SERVICE OF HELPING HEAL US, HELPING PREVENT DISEASE IN US, HELPING CATCH DISEASES EARLY SO WE CAN ACT VERY QUICKLY, IF WE'RE GOING TO DOUBT THEM I DON'T KNOW HOW -- WE WILL NEXT NOT TRUST PILOTS.

WE WILL NEXT NOT TRUST THE POLICE.

I MEAN, HONESTLY IT MAY SOUND DRAMATIC, BUT I JUST -- I THINK THAT TRUST IS THE BASIS OF CO-EXISTENCE, BUT BOUNDED BY THE RIGHT TO DOUBT BUT IN A WAY THAT SUBJECTS THEMSELVES TO EVIDENCE.

THIS KIND OF NOTION THAT EVIDENCE IS A LUXURY CAN'T BE THE BASIS OF A MODERN SOCIETY IN MY VIEW.

>> IN THE YEAR 2000 CHINA HAD 1% OF ALL BIOTECH PATENTS.

NOW I THINK THEY HAVE 30%.

IS WHAT YOU'VE JUST BEEN DESCRIBING, DOES THAT MEAN CHINA MAY OVERTAKE US IN BIOTECHNOLOGY?

>> I THINK THEY ARE OVERTAKING US AS WE SPOKE.

THE SCALE THEY'VE REACHED, THE RAPIDITY WITH WHICH THEY'RE ASKING AND THE DETERMINATION ABSOLUTELY MAKES THIS A REAL COMPETITIVE THREAT.

UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES FRANKLY I'D SAY BRING IT ON BECAUSE I TRUST THAT OUR ABILITY TO COMPETE BACK AND GET EVEN BETTER AND PARTICULARLY NOWADAYS WITH AI AS A MAJOR COMPETITIVE I'D SAY ADVANTAGE THAT WE HAVE IN INCORPORATING SOME OF THESE NEW APPROACHES AND COMPLETELY REFORMING HOW SCIENCE CAN BE DONE, I'M VERY EXCITED BY THE PROSPECT.

BUT IF WE IN THE SAME TIME CHANGE THE PLAYING FIELD OF HOW SCIENCE IS DONE IN THE U.S.

AND MEANTIME THEY ARE MARCHING FORWARD, THEN I DO THINK THAT WE HAVE A MAJOR RISK OF NOT ONLY LOSING OUR ECONOMIC SECURITY THAT COMES FROM THESE ACTIVITIES BUT ALSO KIND OF IMPERILLING A LONG-TERM FIRST MOVER ADVANTAGE THAT WE HAVE IN THIS SECTOR.

AND I THINK IT'S VERY HARD TO REVERSE.

WE'VE SEEN THAT IN SEMICONDUCTORS.

WE'VE SEEN THAT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES.

WE'VE SEEN THAT IN PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND MANY MORE AREAS THAT I CAN COUNT.

I DON'T WANT TO SEE IT IN THIS AREA IF IT CAN BE AVOIDED.

>> NOUBAR AFEYAN, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US AGAIN.

>> THANK YOU FOR THE CONVERSATION.

>>> AND FINALLY, A DAZZLING AURORA DISPLAY FROM ENGLAND TO WASHINGTON AND CHINA.

SKIES ACROSS THE WORLD WERE LIT UP OVERNIGHT AFTER THE SUN RELEASED ITS LARGEST RADIATION ACTIVITY IN 20 YEARS.

WHILE THE HEIGHTENED RADIATION IS WHAT GIVES US THE RAINBOW-COLORED HORIZONS AND THE GLOBALLY RENOWNED NORTHERN LIGHTS, THE OUTBURST OF PARTICLES CAUSES MAJOR DISTURBANCES OF EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD, IMPACTING SATELLITES AND POWER GRIDS.

ALTHOUGH I'D ARGUE THE DISRUPTION SEEMS LIKE A FINE TRADE-OFF FOR THESE BEAUTIFUL VIEWS JUST FOR A LITTLE BIT.

AND THAT'S IT FOR OUR PROGRAM TONIGHT.

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JOIN US AGAIN TOMORROW NIGHT.

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