[♪♪] >> GOOD EVENING AND WELCOME TO "KENTUCKY TONIGHT" I'M CHIP POLSTON FILLING IN TONIGHT FOR RENEE SHAW.

THANKS SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

OUR TOPIC TONIGHT: KENTUCKY HISTORY.

TODAY JUNE 30TH ISED END OF KENTUCKY HISTORY MONTH AND TONIGHT WE ARE GOING TO DISCUSS KEY MOMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH, ALONG WITH TRENDS, CHANGES AND PEOPLE OF KENTUCKY'S PAST THAT HELPED SHAPE WHERE WE ARE AS A STATE TODAY.

THE LOGICAL STARTING POINT FOR THIS IS AT THE BEGINNING.

SO TO GET THINGS ROLLING TOBY GIBBS LOOKS BACK AT THE EARLY HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.

>> IT'S BELIEVED HUNTER GATHERERS ARRIVED IN KENTUCKY AROUND 10,000 TO 9500BC.

FARMING BEGAN AROUND 1800 AS INDIGENOUS PEOPLE BEGAN GROWING WILD PLANTS AND LATER CORN, BEANS AND SQUASH.

CHEROKEE, SHAWNEE AND CHICKASAW 20 TRIBES CLAIMED LANDS WHEN IT BECAME A STATE IN 1792.

THERE ARE DIFFERENTS IN THE ORIGIN AND THE MEANING KENTUCKY MEANING LAND OF TOMORROW.

SOME BELIEVE IT IS FROM AN ALGONQUIN TERM MEANING RIVER BOTTOM AND OTHERS MEANING HEAD OF A RIVER, LAND OF CANE OR TURKEYS AND MEADOW OR PRAIRIE.

THE BRITISH FIRST EXPLORED KENTUCKY IN THE LATE SEEN00'S.

Dr. THOMAS WALKER AND CHRISSIER GIFT BEGAN SERVING EASTERN AND NORTHERN KENTUCKY WALKER IS SOMETIMES CREDITED AS THE FIRST EUROPEAN TO PASS THROUGH THE CUMBERLAND GAP.

DANIEL CAMERON EXPLORED KENTUCKY IN DANIEL BOONE EXPLORED KENTUCKY AND RETURNED IN 1769 AND 1773.

DANIEL BOONE AND JUDGE AND MEMBERS OF THE TRANSYLVANIA ESTABLISHED BOONESBOROUGH IN MADISON COUNTY IN THE SPRING OF 1775.

AS MORE SETTLERS ARRIVED THEY FOUNDED MORE COORDINATES.

JAMES HARROD AND 31 MEN FOUNDED HAR RECORDS TOWN AND RENAMED HARRODSBURG.

PENNSYLVANIA FRONTIERS MAN CAMPING IN 1775 NAMED THEIR COMMUNITY LEXINGTON IN HONOR OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR BATTLE IN LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS.

IT BECAME A PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN 1779.

IN 1778 SETTLERS ARRIVED ON CORN ISLAND ON THE OHIO RIVER CREATING LOUISVILLE NAMED FOR KING LOUIE THE 16TH.

VIRGINIA TROOPS FOUGHT SHAWNEE AND MINGO TRIBINGS IN WHAT BECAME KNOWN AS LORD DONEMORE'S WAR NAMED AFTER VERGE VERGE'S GOVERNOR.

THE VICTORY OPENED THE DOOR TO MORE SETTLERS.

KENTUCKY BECAME A COUNTY OF VIRGINIA SPELLED WITH THE E RATHER THAN Y.

REVOLUTIONARY WAR BATTLES OCCURRED IN KENTUCKE COUNTY, THE BLATLE OF BLUE LICKS AND ROBERTSON COUNTY WAS ONE OF THE LAST BATTLES OF THE WAR.

AS THE POPULATION GREW, KENTUCKIANS BEGAN THINK BEING STATEHOOD.

THERE WERE NINE DIFFERENT STATEHOOD CONVENTIONS BETWEEN 1784 AND 1790.

FINALLY A 10TH CONVENTION IN 1792 PRODUCED A CONSTITUTION THAT DELEGATES APPROVED.

KENTUCKY THEN JOINED THE UNION ON JUNE 1, 1792.

AMERICA'S 15TH STATE AND THE FIRST ONE WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS.

ISAAC SHELBY SERVED AS KENTUCKY'S FIRST GOVERNOR.

FOR "KENTUCKY TONIGHT" I'M TOBY GIBBS.

>> WE HAVE A DISTINGUISHED PANEL OF KENTUCKY HISTORY EXPERTS TO DISCUSS THE STORY OF OUR COMMONWEALTH.

TONIGHT IN OUR LEXINGTON STUDIO WE ARE JOINED BY Dr. VANESSA HOLDEN, DIRECTOR OF THE U.K. AFTER FRAN AND AFRICANA STUDIES PROGRAM.

SCOTT ALVEY DIRECTOR OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Dr. PATRICK LEWIS PRESIDENT AND C.E.O.

OF FILSON HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND Dr. STEPHANIE LANG EDITOR OF THE REGISTER OF THE KENTUCKY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

NOW, TONIGHT WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU.

YOU CAN SEND YOUR QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS BY X FORMERLY KNOWN AS TWITTER AT PUBLIC AFFAIRS KET.

SEND AN E-MAIL TO KY TONIGHT AT KET.ORG.

USE THE WEB FORM AT KET.ORG/KY TONIGHT OR YOU CAN CALL US AT 1-800-494-7605.

LET US KNOW YOUR QUESTIONS AND FIRST, WELCOME TO ALL OF OUR GUESTS HERE TONIGHT.

Dr. LEWIS, WHEN WE WERE SETTING UP EVERYTHING FOR THE SHOW AND TALKING ABOUT PRESTATEHOOD HERE IN KENTUCKY, I MADE THE MISTAKE IN A ROOM OF HISTORIANS TALKING ABOUT FOLKS CONNECTED TO EARLY STATEHOOD AS PIONEERS.

THEY VERY QUICKLY CORRECTED ME AND SAID THE CORRECT HISTORICAL TERM FOR THEM ARE SETTLERS.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENTIATION?

>> IT'S SOMETHING THAT HISTORIANS HAVE BEEN PAYING MORE ATTENTION TO.

PIONEERS IMPLIES THEY ARE GOING INTO SOMEWHERE WHERE NOBODY WAS BEFORE.

AND CLEARLY WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT INDIGENOUS HISTORY THERE'S THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF RESIDENTS HERE IN KENTUCKY AND EVEN IF YOU JUST CONSIDER EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT THERE ARE FRENCH AND SPANISH SETLEZMENTS UP AND DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI BEFORE DANIEL BOONE AND COHORT COMES IN HERE.

PIONEERS IS NOT A CORRECT TERM.

SETTLE.

IMPLIES A MODEL OF COLONIALISM THAT BRITISH IS USED ON THE EAST COAST AND THAT IS DIFFERENT THAN THE MODEL THAT THE FRENCH TRIED WORKING WITH NATIVE ALLIES AND EXTENDED TRADE NETWORKS TRYING TO SOURCE THE INTERIOR OF THE CONTINENT.

THE TURNING POINT COMES WHEN YOU START DOING LAND SURVEYS AND SETTLING FAMILIES ON A LAND.

AND THAT IS A DIFFERENT THREAT THAT YOU POSE TO THE CURRENT INHABITANTS OF THE PLACE YOU ARE COMING INTO.

>> FOLKS WERE HERE.

AND YOU SAID THAT KENTUCKY WAS ACTUALLY A VERY DIVERSE AREA BEFORE WE BECAME A STATE.

WE WERE DIVERSE BEFORE DIVERSE WAS A THING THAT A LOT OF PEOPLE WERE LOOKING FOR.

CORRECT?

>> SURE.

YOU HAVE TO THINK ABOUT THE VARIOUS NATIVE-AMERICAN GROUPS WHO LIVED HERE ON A PERMANENT BASIS.

MIGRATED BETWEEN DIFFERENT AREAS OF KENTUCKY.

SEASONALLY.

AND THEN THEY HAD TRADE PARTNERS.

ALL OVER THE SOUTHEAST.

UP OVER THE OHIO RIVER.

RIVER TRAFFIC WAS THEY WERE TRADE ROUTES FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLE BEFORE THE STEAM SHIP.

SO YEAH, THERE ARE ALL SORTS OF PEOPLE HERE.

AND THEN WHEN THE SETTLERS THAT WE OFTEN FOCUS ON IN KENTUCKY, ENGLISH-SPEAKING SETTLERS WHO COME OVER THE MOUNTAINS THEY ALSO BRING VARIOUS PEOPLE WITH THEM INCLUDING PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DECENT.

IT IS A TRULY DIVERSE PLACE.

>> WE WERE A MELTING POT.

AND SCOTT, A LOT OF PEOPLE DO TRACE THE BEGINNING OF THAT PRESTATEHOOD ERA BACK TO DANIEL BOONE COMING THROUGH THE CUMBERLAND GAP.

IS THAT AN ACCURATE ASSESSMENT?

>> IT'S ACCURATE, AS MY COLLEAGUES POINTED OUT THERE'S ALREADY PEOPLE IN THE SPACE.

AND ONE OF THE THINGS WE DO AS HISTORIANS AND PUBLIC HISTORIANS IS ALSO LOOK FOR THE STORIES OF THE OTHER PEOPLE THAT WERE HERE.

HOW DO WE HELP TO ELEVATE THEM.

YES, BOONE COMING THROUGH THE CUMBERLAND GAP IS IMPORTANT IN THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT BUT FRENCH AND SPANISH TRADERS ARE IN THE SPACE AND FLAUNSING THINGS AND WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS.

SO THEY'VE ESTABLISHED TRAILS AND NETWORKS THAT ALREADY EXIST.

I ALSO THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO POINT OUT TO FOLKS WE'RE AT THIS 250TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE SO WE LOOK BACK AT WHAT'S HAPPENED HERE FOR 250 YEARS.

BUT WHAT HAPPENED BEFORE THAT?

I THINK IS WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT.

I THINK THE IDEA THAT LIMESTONE NOW MAYFIELD IS NOW -- MAYSVILLE A VERY IMPORTANT AREA THAT AS WHILE PEOPLE COME THROUGH THE CUMBERLAND GAP AND EXPLORE KENTUCKY PEOPLE COMING DOWN THE OHIO RIVER TO BRING CULTURES AND NETWORKS BACK INTO THE SPACE.

>> AS THE SETTLERS ARE STARTING TO COME IN AND KENTUCKY STARTED TO FORM UP AS A STATE, Dr. HOLDEN ONE OF THE THINGS YOU SHARED WAS INTERESTING WHEN KENTUCKY STARTED TO LOOK TO FORM A GOVERNMENT AND CREATE ITSELF AS A STATE, THERE WEREN'T A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO WERE GOING TO BE ABLE TO VOTE.

WHY IS THAT?

>> CERTAINLY NOT BY THE STANDARDS OF STATES BACK EAST WITH LAND OWNERSHIP REQUIREMENTS, THERE ARE A LOT OF FOLKS WHO COME INTO KENTUCKY AND THEY DON'T HAVE ACCESS TO LAND.

THEY CAN'T AFFORD TO PAY THE RATES THAT WEALTHIER FOLKS BACK EAST CAN PAY FOR LAND.

THEY ARE UNDERCUT BY LAND SPECULATORS.

SO THE PEOPLE LIVING HERE, RIGHT, WOULDN'T HAVE HAD A STAKE IN THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT.

AND A HUGE PART OF THE DEBATES WERE WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO WITH THE LANDLESS FOLKS?

ARE THEY GOING TO BE ABLE TO PARTICIPATE?

WHAT DOES THAT MEAN WITH A RISING PEOPLE OF ENSLAVED PEOPLE THAT YOU WILL HAVE HUGE POPULATION OF ENSLAVED PEOPLE AND A LOT OF GUYS WHO THOUGHT THE REVOLUTION MEANT THEY GOT A STAKE IN SELF-GOVERNMENT THAT'S A RECIPE FOR DISASTER WHEN YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT A LOT OF VETERANS VERY SKILLED AT CHALLENGING AUTHORITY.

>> WITHIN THAT AUTHORITY, WAS THAT SOMETHING DIFFICULT FOR THOSE LAND OWNERS TO GIVE UP?

DID THEY WANT TO SECEDE THAT POWER?

>> THEY HAD TO BUILD STRUCTURES THAT WOULD INCLUDE FOLKS TO AN EXTENT.

BUT STILL CONSOLIDATE POWER IN THE UPPER CLASSES.

AND THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED.

IT HAPPENED BACK EAST, TOO, AS VOTING LAWS BEGAN TO CHANGE BY THE 19TH CENTURY.

AND THERE WERE PLENTY OF DEBATES THERE IS A REASON THERE WERE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS IN KENTUCKY.

THERE IS A LOT TO FIGHT OUT ABOUT HOW ARE THE PROMISES OF THE REVOLUTION GOING TO COME TO FRUITION.

>> IT TOOK A WHILE FOR EVERYBODY TO ALIGN AROUND THAT.

AND ONE OF THE INTERESTING THINGS, KENTUCKY IS THE 37TH LARGEST STATE IN TERMS OF LAND MASS.

WE ARE NOT A BIG STATE BUT WE ARE NUMBER THREE ON THE LIST WHEN IT COMES TO THE NUMBER OF COUNTIES.

THERE'S 120 COUNTIES IN KENTUCKY.

AND THERE IS A REASON BEHIND THAT BECAUSE THERE IS AN INTERESTING CAVEAT IN THE STATE CONSTITUTION ABOUT TRANSPORTATION.

TELL ME ABOUT THAT.

>> IT REQUIRES AT EVERYBODY BE WITHIN ONE DAY OF TRAVEL OF THEIR COUNTY SEAT AND THERE ARE A NUMBER OF REASONS AND WE THINK ABOUT THAT IN THE EARLY CONTEXT AS GOING TO COURT TO SETTLE LEGAL DISPUTES AND THAT IS AN ECONOMIC DRIVER AS WELL.

EARLY KENTUCKY IS A PLACE NOT A LOT OF RELIABLE MONEY NOT A LOT OF GOLD AND SILVER COINS IN CIRCULATION.

EVERYBODY IS FLOATING ON INTRICATE SYSTEMS OF DEBT WAITING FOR YOUR CROP TO COME UP SO YOU CAN SETTLE WITH THE STORE.

AND WHEN PEOPLE DIE AND BANKRUPTCY A LOT OF THE MONEY IS TIED UP AND NEEDS TO BE SORTED OUT AT LAW.

HAVING ACCESS TO A COUNTY COURTHOUSE AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM HELPS THE STATE GROW ECONOMICALLY IN THIS EARLY PERIOD.

>> A DAY'S TRAVEL BACK IN THE 1800s LOOKS DIFFERENT.

THAT'S WHY THERE'S SO MANY COUNTIES.

>> AND THOSE COUNTIES BECAME LITTLE KINGDOMS IN A LOT OF RESPECTS.

THERE IS A LOT OF LOCAL CONSOLIDATION OF POWER, WASN'T THERE?

>> YES, AS PATRICK MENTIONED, THEY HAVE TO BE ABLE TO GET TO THE COUNTY SEAT TO DO THE BUSINESS THEY NEED TO DO.

IF YOU THINK ABOUT LAND SPECULATION PARTICULARLY EARLY ON VIRGINIA LAND GRANTS AND THINGS LIKE THAT, HAVING THE CENTERS OF POWER, IF YOU WILL, SO FAR AWAY ENDS UP BEING A LOT OF OVERLAPPING LAND CLAIMS THAT AS YOU GET INTO THE LATE 19TH AND THE 20TH CENTURY CREATES HAVOC.

BUT, YES, HISTORIAN ROBERT IRELAND MENTIONED THE COUNTIES BECOME LITTLE KINGDOMS AND IT'S LOCAL CONTROL AND LOCAL CONSOLIDATION OF POWER.

AND THEY BECOME VERY PROUD OF THEIR HOME COUNTIES.

I'M FROM EASTERN KENTUCKY AND FLOYD COUNTY AND WE TALK ABOUT I'M FROM THIS COUNTY FIRST.

SO IT'S SETS THE STAGE EARLY ON.

>> AND THAT MODEL CONTINUES TO TODAY.

THERE IS A LOT OF LOCAL CONSOLIDATION OF THAT POWER AND AUTHORITY.

>> YEP.

>> ALONG THOSE LINES, THE NAMES OF THOSE COUNTIES IN KENTUCKY, CAME FROM A BATTLE THAT OCCURRED RELATIVELY EARLY IN KENTUCKY STATEHOOD.

YOU PROBABLY LEARNED ABOUT AMERICAN WARS AND BATTLES AND HISTORY CLASS BACK IN THE DAY BUT THERE'S ONE THAT MIGHT HAVE GOTTEN BY YOU.

THE BATTLE OF RIVER RAISIN WAS FOUGHT AS A PART OF THE WAR OF 1812 IT WAS FOUGHT IN WHAT IS NOW MICHIGAN, A CONTINGENT OF KENTUCKY SOLDIERS PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN WHAT HAPPENED.

IT SO STRUCK THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF OUR YOUNG STATE THERE ARE NINE COUNTIES IN KENTUCKY NAMED AFTER NATIVE SONS WHO DIED OR WERE CAPTURED THERE AND IT LED TO WHAT IS REGARDED AS THE FIRST BATTLE CRY IN OUR NATION'S HISTORY, REMEMBER THE RAISIN SHOO THIS IS MONROE MICHIGAN.

THIS LAND SURROUNDED BY AN INDUSTRIAL AREA LOOKS UNREMARKABLE.

BORDERED BY LAKE ERIE AND ANOTHER BY THE NAMESAKE, THE RIVER RAISIN.

LIKE WITH A LOT OF HISTORY WHEN YOU PEEL BACK THE LAYERS OF WHAT HAPPENED ON THIS VERY LAND IN 1813, YOU LEARN HOW A BLOODY BATTLE THAT TOOK PLACE RIGHT HERE IN MANY WAYS RESHAPED OUR NATION.

AND AT ITS FOREFRONT WERE MEN FROM KENTUCKY WHO CAME TO FIGHT.

THE BATTLE WAS PART OF THE WAR OF 1812.

THIS WAS FOUGHT BETWEEN THE U.S. AND BRITISH FORCES ARGUING OVERLAND AND RESOURCES.

NATIVE-AMERICANS FOUGHT ALONGSIDE THE BRITISH IN AN EFFORT TO PRESERVE TRIBAL LANDS.

EVEN THOUGH OUR COUNTRY WAS YOUNG THE MAJORITY OF SOLDIERS WHO FOUGHT IN THE WAR OF 1812 WERE KENTUCKIANS.

THE BRITISH HAD TAKEN DETROIT AND ALL OF MICHIGAN AND WHEN WORD OF THIS SPREAD ACROSS KENTUCKY MILITIAS WERE FORMED TO TAKE BACK THE LAND.

GROUPS MET IN GEORGETOWN IN 1812 AND MARCHED 300 MILES TOWARD DETROIT.

LATER THAT WINTER, BRITISH AND NATIVE-AMERICANS HAD TAKEN THE SETTLEMENT OF FRENCH TOWN AT THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER RAISIN RIGHT OFF LAKE ERIE.

THREE REGIMENTS FROM KENTUCKY HEADED THAT WAY IN JANUARY OF 1813 AND PUSHED THEM OUT OF THE AREA WHEN THEY ARRIVED.

FOUR DAYS AFTER THE KENTUCKIANS TOOK BACK THE SETTLEMENT THE BRITISH AND NATIVE-AMERICANS COMBINED TO ATTACK AT DAWN.

IN 20 MINUTES THE KENTUCKIANS WERE OVERWHELMED MANY WERE KILLED AND OTHERS WHO RAN ACROSS THE FROZEN RIVER WERE CAPTURED.

THOSE CAPTURED WERE MARCHED THROUGH THREE FEET OF SNOW TO DETROIT.

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE 50 MEN THAT WERE LEFT BEHIND THAT HORRIFIED THE NATION.

>> THOSE FOLKS WERE LEFT IN THE CARE OF TWO SURGEONS AND INSIDE THE HOMES OF THE FRENCH SETTLERS THAT WERE HERE.

AND UNFORTUNATELY, WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHO IT WAS, WE KNOW IT WAS A CONTINGENT OF NATIVE WARRIORS.

BUT FOR THEM, THE WAR AND THE BATTLE WAS NOT OVER.

>> NATIVE-AMERICANS STARTED RISING IN THE VILLAGE AND THEY BEGAN LOOKING AROUND FOR SOUVENIRS FOR TROPHIES.

LITTLE BY LITTLE MORE AND MORE NATIVE-AMERICANS GATHERED UNTIL YOU HAD QUITE A MOB THAT SURROUNDED THE HOSPITAL BUILDINGS.

THOSE BUILDINGS WERE ENTERED FINALLY, THE INHABITANTS WERE PULLED OUT OF THEM AND TAKEN AS PRISONERS IF THEY WOULD WALK.

IF NOT THEY WERE KILLED AND THE BUILDINGS WERE SET FIRE.

>> THEY DRUG THEM OUT THEY BURNED THE BUILDINGS.

THOSE WHO COULDN'T COME OUT BURNED THE BUILDINGS AND IT GOT THE DANNER UP WITH THE AMERICANS.

>> IT LED TO THE FIRST BATTLE CRY OF AMERICA.

REMEMBER THE RAISIN WAS REPORTEDLY YELLED BACK IN KENTUCKIANS ON HORSEBACK WHO ARRIVED IN SEPTEMBER OF THAT YEAR TO AVENGE THE LOSSES AT THE BATTLE OF THE THAMES IN CANADA.

THE BATTLE RESONATED IN THE COMMONWEALTH THERE ARE NINE COUNTIES IN KENTUCKY NAMED AFTER MEN WHO FOUGHT AT THE RIVER RAISIN AND WERE KILLED OR CAPTURED.

ALLEN, GRAVES, BALLARD, EDMONSON, HART, HICKMAN, MCCRACKEN, MEADE, AND SIMPSON COUNTIES ALL BEAR THOSE NAMES.

MANY KENTUCKIANS PROBABLY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF WHAT HAPPENED ON THIS TINY STRETCH OF LAND.

EVEN THOSE WHO LIVED IN NEARBY MONROE MICHIGAN, DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS AREA.

>> THIS IS ACTUALLY MY HOMETOWN.

AND I DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT THIS BATTLE AND THE BATTLEFIELDS UNTIL 2009 WHEN I WAS WORKING IN WASHINGTON D.C.

THIS IS A STORY THAT WAS BURIED.

>> WHY DO YOU THINK IT WAS BURIED?

>> BECAUSE WE LOST.

IT WAS A GREAT TRAGEDY.

EITHER WAY YOU LOOK AT IT IT WAS A GREAT TRAGEDY.

AND IT WAS THE LARGEST AMERICAN DEFEAT IN THE ENTIRE WAR OF 1812.

>> A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF KENTUCKIANS VOLUNTEERED AND DIED IN THE WAR OF 1812 THAN ANY OTHER STATE.

LESS THAN HALF OF THE KENTUCKIANS WHO LEFT TO FIGHT EVER RETURNED HOME.

IN THE HEART OF MONROE MICHIGAN STANDS A MEMORIAL WHERE KENTUCKIANS KILLED IN THE BATTLE OF RIVER RAISIN WERE LAID TO REST AS A PERMANENT MONUMENT TO KENTUCKY AND THOSE WHO LIVED IN THE TERRITORY OF MICHIGAN AND AS A SYMBOL OF THE STATE'S SACRIFICE, THE MEMORIAL IS ONE OF A FEW PLACES OUTSIDE OF KENTUCKY WHERE THE KENTUCKY STATE FLAG IS AUTHORIZED AND CONTINUES TO FLY TO THIS DAY.

AND THAT REALLY IS A GOOSE BUMP INDUCING MOMENT TO STAND IN MICHIGAN AND SEE THAT KENTUCKY FLAG.

IT WAS POWERFUL.

SOMETHING THAT COMES FROM THAT STORY I WANTED TO OPEN UP FOR EVERYONE TO TALK ABOUT, WHY WERE KENTUCKIANS SO READY TO FIGHT?

WHY DID SITTING MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY MARCH OR RIDE ON HORSEBACK FROM GEORGETOWN TO MICHIGAN FOR THIS BATTLE?

WHY WERE THEY SO INTERESTED AND READY TO FIGHT?

>> WELL, THIS IS THE FINAL CHAPTER IN A GEOPOLITICAL COLD WAR THAT FLARED UP AND HOT INTERMITTENTLY SINCE THE 750s.

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR ENDS EXCEPT IT DOESN'T END IN THE BACKCOUNTRY.

SO THE KENTUCKY TERRITORY AND THE SETTLERS HERE HAVE BEEN FIGHTING REPEATEDLY LAUNCHING INDIANA KURGSINGS AROUND THE GREAT LAKES THROUGHOUT THE 1780s AND 90s AS INTERTRIBAL ALLIANCES SUPPORTED BY BRITISH POWER, WEAPONS AND MILITARY ADVISERS HAVE BEEN LAUNCHING COUNTER RAIDS INTO KENTUCKY.

SO THIS WAR HAS ROLLED ON OVER.

AND SO A LOT OF KENTUCKIANS EXPERIENCED A MULTIGENERATIONAL CONFLICT HERE.

IT SEEMS NATURAL TO FOLLOW IN GEORGE ROGER CLARK'S FOOTSTEPS HE LEAVES FROM CORN ISLAND AND ENDS UP IN ST. LOUIS.

HE ALWAYS HAS HIS EYE ON DETROIT.

YOU HAVE TO KNOCKOUT THAT CANADIAN POWER BRITISH POWER IN THE GREAT LAKES IF YOU ARE GOING TO BREAK THE BACK OF NATIVE RESISTANCE IN THE NORTH.

>> AND WE REALLY WEREN'T THAT FAR FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR AT THAT POINT.

PROBABLY STILL STORIES HANDED DOWN FROM GENERATIONS THAT FOUGHT IN THAT WAR TO OTHER PEOPLE AND IT JUST SEEM LIKE KENTUCKIANS WOULD GO TO BATTLE FOR THIS SORT OF PRINCIPLE.

IS THAT WHAT YOU FEEL?

>> ONE OF THE THINGS WHEN PREPARING FOR THIS, THE IDEA AS HISTORIANS WE ARE ALL ANSWERING THAT QUESTION AND WATCHING THE CLIP AND HEARING Dr. LEWIS SPEAK ABOUT IT.

THE PIECE I LIVE WITH IS WHAT DID THAT BATTLE DO?

WITH WHAT DID THAT REACTION DO TO CEMENT NATIVE-AMERICAN TREATMENT GOING FORWARD?

HOW WAS IT USED TO HELP ADJUST POLICY AND GOING ON WITH KENTUCKY AND RICHARD JOHNSON IS CREDITED.

SO THIS IDEA OF HOW INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS ARE BEING TREATED HOW MUCH DID THE BATTLE OF RIVER RAISIN GO ON TO HELP CEMENT THAT AND BE USED TO CREATE A PUBLIC PERCEPTION ABOUT WHAT INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE ABOUT.

>> THE NARRATIVE THAT GREW FROM THAT COULD HAVE JUSTIFIED IN THE EYES OF SOME PEOPLE THAT TYPE OF BEHAVIOR, IS THAT CORRECT?

>> CERTAINLY.

THERE ARE A NUMBER OF STORIES LIKE THIS THAT TAKE ON THESE MEANINGS WHEN IT COMES TO HOW ARE WE GOING TO TREAT FOLKS DOWN THE LINE.

I ALSO THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO POINT OUT KENTUCKIANS HAD A SENSE OF THEIR PLACE IN GLOBAL POLITICS NOT JUST U.S. OR LOCAL POLITICS THE COUNTIES ARE CLOSE TO ACROSS ROADS OF MAJOR RIVERS AND TRADE ROUTES.

KENTUCKIANS WERE WORRIED ABOUT THE SPANISH AND WORRIED ABOUT THE FRENCH AND SOME OF THOSE WORRIES ARE NOT UNFOUNDED.

THEY ARE WORRIED ABOUT THE BRITISH TRYING TO TAKE BACK TERRITORY.

IT'S EASY IN YOUR HISTORY BOOK IN SCHOOL TO SEE THAT MAP CHANGE AND THE COLORS ON THE MAP CHANGE AFTER THE TREATY OF PARIS ON THE GROUND THINGS WERE LESS SETTLED.

AND FOLKS ARE STILL TRYING TO FIGURE OUT IS AMERICA REALLY GOING TO BE ABLE TO STAND UP FOR ITSELF.

AND WHO IS GOING TO BEAR THE CONSEQUENCES IF IT DOESN'T.

IT'S FOLKS ON THIS SIDE OF THE APPALACHIAN WHO WILL HAVE TO DEAL WITH THE CONSEQUENCES OF NOT HOLDING ON TO NEWLY GAINED TERRITORY.

>> WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE HISTORICAL FIGURES IN KENTUCKY WHEN I WAS TALKING TO YOU ABOUT DIFFERENT NAMES THAT CROP UP, DANIEL BOONE WAS A KEY HISTORICAL FIGURE AS IT RELATES TO HIM COMING THROUGH AND THE CUMBERLAND GAP AND FINDING THE WAY INTO KENTUCKY TO OPEN THAT UP FOR FOLKS WHO WANTED TO COME TO THE AREA TO POTENTIALLY SETTLE HERE.

SO MANY OTHER CONSISTENT THAMES CAME UP.

SCOTT ONE NAME I KNOW WE DISCUSSED HENRY CLAY AND HIS IMPACT ON THE STATE.

WHAT WAS THAT?

>> CHIP, I WILL BE HONEST WITH YOU I'M NOT AS WELL VERSED IN HENRY CLAY BUT I CAN SAY HE IS PLAYED A BIG IMPACT.

HE WAS INVOLVED IN THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1850 AND AT FRANKFORT IN THE STATE CAPITOL AT THE TIME, TRYING TO SELL AND GROW SUPPORT FOR THE DIFFERENT COMPROMISES.

WE KNOW HE'S IN THE AREA.

BUT I WOULD ALSO SAY THERE'S A LOT OF OTHER FIGURES WE ALSO CAN LOOK AT THAT ARE SOME OF THE HIDDEN HISTORIES THAT GO ON THAT PEOPLE TEND TO HAVE.

>> AND THERE IS A CERTAIN MYTHOLOGY THAT CAN BUILDUP AROUND THESE PEOPLE AS WELL, CORRECT?

>> YES.

LESSER KNOWN FIGURES I THINK ABOUT PARTICULARLY AS YOU GET INTO THE ANTEBELLUM AREA AND PRECIVIL WAR, JULIA WEBSTER SHE IS AN ABOLITIONIST AND CONDUCTOR ON THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD ONE OF THE FIRST WOMEN ARRESTED AND INCARCERATED FOR AIDING PEOPLE THAT ARE SEEKING FREEDOM.

AND YOU HAVE INDIVIDUALS INTO THE 20sTH CENTURY IF I CAN GO THERE WE ARE █MOVING ALONG A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT BUT I THINK LOCALLY, FOLKS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE STATE MAY NOT KNOW THE STORY OF USE LA HALL FROM FLOYD COUNTY AND A HEALTHCARE ACTIVIST AND PIONEER.

SHE ENDED UP PIONEER IN THAT PARTICULAR SENSE.

SHE WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN SETTING UP THE MUD CREEK CLINIC IN FLOYD COUNTY AND THAT REALLY GAVE A LOT OF FOLKS THAT WERE UNDER INSURED ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE THEY DID NOT HAVE BEFORE.

SHE WORKED A LOT WITH PINERS AND WIDOWS.

SHE WAS ACTIVE IN HELPING THOSE FOLKS GET AK SES TO HEALTHCARE PARTICULARLY WITH BLACK LUNG AND HER LEGACY LIVES ON.

SHE DIED AT 93.

AND THAT CLINIC IS STILL PART OF THE BIG SANDY HEALTHCARE GROUP.

>> WE HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO TELL HER STORY ON KENTUCKY LIFE AND I HAD NOT BECOME FAMILIAR WITH HER BEFORE THAT.

WHAT AN AMAZING THING SHE DID IN EACH KENTUCKY IT WAS REMARKABLE.

Dr. HOLDEN, LOOKING AT SOME OF THESE FIGURES THERE WERE SELF EMANCIPATED FOLKS HERE THAT PLAYED SIGNIFICANT ROLES IN THE STATE.

WHO WERE SOME OF THOSE FOLKS?

>> SURE SOME OF THE MOST FAMOUS EMANCIPATED PEOPLE WHO FLEED SLAVERY AND BONDAGE IN KENTUCKY, THEY ARE FROM RIGHT AROUND HERE.

SO LEWIS AND HARRIET HAYDEN AND JULIA WEBSTER WHO AIDED THE HAYDENS ON THEIR WAY OUT OF TOWN AND SERVED TIME IN THE STATE PRISON FOR DOING SO.

HAYDEN WAS ENSLAVED IN A CLOCKWORKS IN TOWN.

HIS FIRST WIFE WAS OWNED BY HENRY CLAY HIS WIFE AND CHILD.

AND BEFORE HE COULD SAVE UP MONEY TO PURCHASE HER FREEDOM CLAY DECIDED TO SELL HER AND SHE WAS MINE AND I SOLD HER.

AND WHEN HE AND HIS WIFE HARRIET WERE SHUTTLED OUT OF TOWN AND THEY HAD A NUMBER OF TRANSPORTATION MODES TO END UP IN CANADA THEY MADE A COMING BACK TO THE U.S.

HE WAS AN ELECTED OFFICIAL IN MASSACHUSETTS.

HE HELPED INTEGRATE SCHOOLS IN BOSTON.

HIS WIFE HARRIET BECAME A CONDUCTOR IN HER OWN RIGHT.

AND REALLY AIDED A NUMBER OF FOLKS FLEEING.

THEY ALSO PREVENTED FOLKS FROM BEING KIDNAPPED AND TAKEN BACK TO SLAVERY.

HENRY BIB IS FROM OLDHAM COUNTY AND HE RETURNED TO SLAVERY MULTIPLE TIMES TO TRY AND GET HIS WIFE AND DAUGHTER TO FREEDOM.

HIS NARRATIVE GOES JUST ABOUT EVERYWHERE FROM FURTHER AND FURTHER SOUTH TO WHAT WAS THEN INDIAN COUNTRY ACROSS THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND TO FREEDOM IN CANADA.

SO I THINK THAT THIS HISTORY OF FREEDOM SEEKERS IS REALLY IMPORTANT.

AND IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT AT A TIME WHEN SLAVERY WAS REALLY THE MOST IMPORTANT BUSINESS, THERE WERE A NUMBER OF FOLKS WILLING TO STAND UP AND FACE JAIL TIME AND REALLY SAY THAT THIS IS WRONG.

AND THE PART OF THE STORY THAT IS IMPORTANT TO TELL.

THERE WERE ALWAYS FOLKS WHO WERE READY TO STAND UP, HIDE PEOPLE AND SHUTTLE THEM OR TURN A BLIND EYE WHEN THEY NEEDED TO.

>> LOOKING AT THAT PROGRESSION INTO THE CIVIL WAR WE ARE TO THAT POINT, GOING BACK TO THAT INITIAL MEETING I HAD WITH A GROUP OF HISTORIANS GETTING READY FOR THIS SHOW, I ALSO MADE THE MISTAKE OF MENTIONING KENTUCKY'S NEUTRALITY IN THE CIVIL WAR FOR WHICH I WAS QUICKLY ADMONISHED AND CORRECTED ON.

Dr. LEWIS, WHERE DID THAT MYTHOLOGY GROW FROM?

AND KENTUCKY REALLY WASN'T NEUTRAL IN THE CIVIL WAR?

>> THAT IS ABSOLUTELY RIGHT.

THE BETTER TERM IS DIVIDED.

THERE IS A PERIOD OF OFFICIAL NEUTRALITY IN THE SUMMER AND FALL OF 1861.

WHERE BOTH THE UNION AND THE CONFEDERATE POLITICAL AND MILITARY SOURCES ARE TRYING TO LINEUP ENOUGH STRENGTH TO SWING THE STATE INTO THEIR COLUMN.

BOTH OF THEM THINK THEY HAVE A CHANCE.

THE CONFEDERATES DON'T REALLY WHEN THE NUMBERS SHAKE OUT AND THE ELECTIONS COME AUGUST.

AND SO THIS GROWS AFTER THIS PERIOD OF NEUTRALITY, THE CONFEDERATES FORM THEIR OWN STATE GOVERNMENT IN BOWLING GREEN.

OFFICIALLY PASS SECESSION RESOLUTIONS WITH DELEGATES REPRESENTING A HANDFUL OF COUNTIES BUT NOT 120.

AND MEANWHILE THERE IS ALWAYS AN OFFICIAL STATE GOVERNMENT THAT CONTINUES TO MEET IN FRANKFORT IN THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY MEETS ON ITS REGULAR SCHEDULE THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CABINETS CONTINUE TO FUNCTION WITH COMPLETE LOYALTY TO THE UNITED STATES.

NOW, ON THE GROUND, DOES THAT MEAN THAT KENTUCKIANS WERE NOT DEEPLY DIVIDED BY THIS CONFLICT?

ABSOLUTELY NOT.

AND ALL THE TIRED LINES ABOUT BROTHERS AND HOUSES DIVIDED ABSOLUTELY STAND.

I THINK THE IMPORTANT POINT ALSO TO CONSIDER WHEN WE TALK ABOUT KENTUCKY IN THE CIVIL WAR IS TO RECOGNIZE THAT THE MAJORITY OF UNIONISTS IN THIS STATE REMAIN LOYAL BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE THAT SLAVERY CAN BE PROTECTED UNDER THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AS IT WAS WRITTEN AT THE TIME.

AND SO THERE IS A BELIEF THAT THIS CONFEDERACY IS A BAD CHOICE.

IT IS A BAD IDEA.

IT'S COURTING A WAR THAT WILL RESULT IN THE COLLAPSE OF SLAVERY.

AND THOSE UNION KENTUCKIANS ARE ABSOLUTELY RIGHT IN PREDICTING THE FUTURE THEY COULDN'T STOP IT FROM HAPPENING.

SO THAT MEANS THAT AS THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION MOVES AND MORE AGGRESSIVELY AGAINST SLAVERY FOLLOWING THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION THE ENLIST.

OF BLACK MEN IN THE STATE IN 1864, UNION SUPPORT FOR MOST WHITE KENTUCKIANS ABSOLUTELY PLUMMETS BECAUSE THEY CANNOT STAND THE IDEA THAT SLAVERY IS GOING TO DIE AS A RESULT OF THIS CONFLICT.

>> YOU MENTIONED WESTERN KENTUCKY WAS A HOTBED OF ACTIVITY IN THE CONFEDERACY BOWLING GREEN HAVING A SEAT IN THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS.

WHY THAT AREA?

WHY WAS THAT AREA OF THE STATE SO GIVEN TO THE CONFEDERATE CAUSE?

>> THAT'S MY HOME REGION I'M HAPPY TO TALK ABOUT THAT.

IT IS A LITTLE BIT TO DO WITH SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LAND GRANTS.

THE CAROLINAS GET ASSIGNED THOSE ACRES TO GIVE OUT TO VETERANS IN EXCHANGE FOR REVOLUTIONARY WAR SERVICE.

A LOT OF THE SETTLERS YOU WILL SEE IN WESTERN KENTUCKY THE JACKSON PURCHASE COME FROM HAD BEEN COLONIAL SOUTH CAROLINA.

THEY BRING A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE OF POLITICAL CULTURE OF INVESTMENT IN SLAVERY.

AND SO THAT LEADS THE WESTERN PART OF THE STATE TO BE A LITTLE BIT MORE LIKE THE DEEP SOUTH THAN PERHAPS THE HEMP GROWING REGIONS IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY.

>> WAS THERE THIS ROMANTYIZATION OF THE CIVIL WAR?

THAT PLAYED INTO A NARRATIVE?

AND THAT MAYBE WHERE PEOPLE SEEM IT TO THINK THAT KENTUCKY WAS NEUTRAL DURING THE CIVIL WAR.

IS THERE SOMETHING LIKE THAT HERE AT PLAY, DO YOU THINK?

>> PACK A WHOLE PROGRAM ON THAT.

>> YEAH, I'LL DEFER TO MY COLLEAGUES.

>> CERTAINLY, FOLKS ARE FAMILIAR WITH THAT MAP IN THEIR TEXTBOOK WHERE THEY HAVE TO MEMORIZE WHICH STATE SECEDED AND WHICH DIDN'T SECEDE AND KENTUCKY IS ALWAYS SHADED IN THE BORDER STATE AND THAT MAP IT'S HELPFUL TO UNDERSTAND WHO LEFT AND WHO DIDN'T.

BUT IT FLATTENS WHAT IS A COMPLEX PLACE TO HAVE BEEN DURING THE WAR YEARS.

WE CAN TALK A LOT ABOUT SLAVERY, THE INSTITUTION.

BUT SELF EMANCIPATED PEOPLE FLEE TO KENTUCKY AND DOWN THE ROAD, AT CAP NELSON PEOPLE ARE LIVING FREE WHETHER OR NOT THE LAW HAS CAUGHT UP WITH THEM OR NOT.

AS MY COLLEAGUE WRITES IN HER BOOK EMBATTLED FREEDOM, YOU COULD HEAR THE SOUND OF FREEDOM.

AFRICAN-AMERICANS WHO BUILT SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES AND DWELLINGS TO LIVE IN.

YOU COULD HEAR THAT SOUND.

SO IT IS AN ERA OF DEEP CONTRADICTION AND THOSE MAPS EVERYBODY IS FAMILIAR WITH FLATTEN THOSE CONTRADICTIONS OUT.

>> AND SOMETHING THAT YOU POINTED OUT TO ME DURING AN EARLIER CONVERSATION HOW KENTUCKY DID NOT RATIFY THE 13TH AMENDMENT ABOLISHING SLAVERY UNTIL 1976 WHAT DOES THAT TELL YOU ABOUT THE RESENTMENT THAT MAY HAVE EXISTED IN KENTUCKY ABOUT NOT SECEDING?

>> YEAH, ONE OF THE THINGS ABOUT BEING A STATE THAT DOESN'T SECEDE THERE'S NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS, UNLIKE GEORGIA AND SOUTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA THE STATES NOT BURNT DOWN TO THE GROUND OVER THE COURSE OF THE WAR.

AND SO REALLY KENTUCKY BECOMES THIS PLACE WHERE RECONSTRUCTION IS WORKING ITSELF OUT EARLY ON.

WHAT IS THIS NEW FUTURE GOING TO LOOK LIKE?

AND THOSE SAME LITTLE KINGDOMS THOSE SAME CONSOLIDATION OF POWER IN A WEALTHY FEW, THOSE WERE PRESERVED AFTER ENDURING THE WAR AND FOLKS ARE COMMITTED TO MAKING SURE IT'S LITTLE CHANGE AS POSSIBLE.

SLAVERY WAS BIG BUSINESS AND THE BED ROOK OF THE ECONOMY.

ABOLISHING SLAVERY DID UPEND SOCIAL STRUCTURES, AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURES.

WHAT IS INTERESTING IS THAT LIKE I SAID, AFRICAN-AMERICANS WENT ABOUT LIVING FREE BEFORE THE LAW COULD CATCH UP.

AT THE SAME TIME WE SEE RETRENCH.

AND RESISTANCE TO ANY CHANGE AFRICAN-AMERICANS ARE BUILDING BUSINESSES.

PURCHASING LAND.

SEEKING EDUCATION FOR THEMSELVES AND THEIR CHILDREN.

SO AN ERA THAT IS OFTEN AND RIGHTFULLY SO MOSTLY TALKED ABOUT AS RESISTANCE TO ANY CHANGE THERE WERE FOLKS MAKING REALLY IMPORTANT CHANGE RIGHT HERE IN THE COMMONWEALTH.

>> AND WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT THAT PERIOD COMING OUT OF RECONSTRUCTION OR GOING INTO RECONSTRUCTION AND COMING OUT OF THE CIVIL WAR KENTUCKY ENTERED A PERIOD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND BUILT AROUND COAL AND TOBACCO.

WHEN INDUSTRIALIZATION STARTED TO MOVE ACROSS KENTUCKY IT BEGAN TO AFFECT FARMERS RAISING TOBACCO, MONOPOLIES MEANT PRICING FOR THE CROPS WENT LOWER AND LOWER AND GOT TO THE POINT THAT FARMERS ROSE UP IN PROTEST SPAWNING A VIOLENT CHAPTER IN OUR STATE'S HISTORY KNOWN AS THE BLACK PATCH TOBACCO WARS.

AT ITS CENTER WAS A GROUP WHO BECAME KNOWN AS THE NIGHT RIDERS.

>> THE NIGHT RIDERS HAD COME INTO TOWN, HAD BLOCKED THE ROADS INTO TOWN AND OUT OF TOWN.

HAD TAKEN CONTROL OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT, THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS, SO THE TOWN WAS SHUT DOWN WHILE THEY DID THEIR BUSINESS.

AND THEIR BUSINESS WAS TO BURN THE TOBACCO WAREHOUSES THAT WERE LOADED WITH TOBACCO TO BE SOLD TO THE DUKE TOBACCO.

>> THE NIGHT RIDERS HAD GROWN FROM A COLLECTION OF FARMERS IN WESTERN KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE.

A TOBACCO GROWING AREA KNOWN AS THE BLACK PATCH REGION.

>> THE LIMESTONE CONTENT IN THE SOIL IS ESPECIALLY CONDUCIVE TO GROWING CERTAIN TYPES OF TOBACCO.

AND THE TOBACCO IT WAS ESPECIALLY GOOD FOR WAS THE TOBACCO THAT YOU WOULD SEE HANGING IN BARNS BEING SMOKED.

AND HENCE THIS AREA WAS KNOWN AS THE BLACK PATCH.

>> THE BLACK PATCH FARMERS OFFICIALLY ORGANIZED AS THE PLANT ARER PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION IN AN EFFORT TO CONTROL THE SUPPLY OF TOBACCO BEING SOLD TO TOBACCO COMPANIES.

>> BACK IN THE EARLY 1900'S, TOBACCO WAS MAINLY CONTROLLED BY THE DUKE TOBACCO TRUST OUT OF NORTH CAROLINA JAMES B. DUKE.

HE BOUGHT MOST OF THE TOBACCO.

HE SET THE PRICE OR HIS COMPANY SET THE PRICE OF THE TOBACCO.

WELL, HE HAD A MONOPOLY.

HE WAS PAYING LESS AND LESS FOR TOBACCO AND IT GOT TO BE WHERE THE FARMER WHEN HE SOLD HIS TOBACCO, DID NOT EVEN MAKE ENOUGH TO RECOUP HIS COST TO PRODUCING THE TOBACCO.

>> NOT ALL FARMERS JOINED IN AND THE INITIAL ANGER OF PPA MEMBERS TOWARD TOBACCO COMPANIES TURNED TO THE NONPARTICIPATING FARMERS AND THEIR FAMILIES DESTROYING CROPS AND FIELDS TO PREVENT THEIR TOBACCO FROM GOING TO THE LARGE COMPANIES.

>> BUT THEN IT GOT TO BE WHERE THAT WASN'T WORKING.

THEY SAID OKAY WE'VE ORGANIZED MILITIA LIKE WE ARE GOING TO RAID VARIOUS TOWNS HE WE KNOW THAT THEIR TOBACCO WAREHOUSES ARE FULL OF TOBACCO AND WE'RE GOING TO BURN THEM.

WE ARE GOING TO DIMINISH THE SUPPLY OF TOBACCO SO THAT THEY ARE GOING TO HAVE TO PAY US A REASONABLE PRICE.

AND THEN WE CAN SELL OUR TOBACCO.

>> Dr.

TOMORROW MA'AM AMOS BECAME LEADER OF THE NIGHT RIDERS AND LED THE MILITARY STYLE ATTACKS ON PRINCETON AND HOPKINSVILLE AND RUSSELLVILLE.

AND DURING THE ATTACKS NIGHT RIDERS WOULD WEAR FACE COVERINGS TO KEEP THEIR IDENTITIES SECRET.

>> IT WAS NOT CUE CLUCKS CLAN AT CUE CLUCKS CLAN.

KU KLUX KLAN T COULD HAVE BEEN A FEED SACK OR CLOTHE ON THEIR HEAD, IT WAS A VARIETY OF THINGS.

MOTHERS AND DADDIES, MEN AND WOMEN WILL DO ALMOST ANYTHING IF THEIR FAMILY IS HURTING.

AND THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED.

FAMILIES WERE HURTING.

AND THEY DIDN'T HAVE AN ANSWER.

THEY TRIED TO HANDLE IT THE BEST WAY THEY COULD.

>> EVENTUALLY, KENTUCKY GOVERNOR WILSON WOULD SEND TROOPS INTO THE REGION FULFILLING A CAMPAIGN PLEDGE TO STOP THE VIOLENCE THAT HAD CAPTURED THE NATION'S ATTENTION.

THIS GOVERNMENT PRESENCE TO STOP THE VIOLENCE WOULD COMBINE WITH ANTI-MONOPOLISTIC COURT RULINGS THAT WOULD END LARGE COMPANIES CONTROLLING THE PRICE OF TOBACCO.

ALLOWING FARMERS TO SEE MORE MONEY FOR THEIR PRODUCT.

REDUCING THEIR ANGER, AND EVENTUALLY BRINGING ABOUT THE END OF THE BATTLE OF RIVER RAISIN.

BLACK PATCH TOBACCO WARS.

Dr. LANG WE TALKED ABOUT TOBACCO AND THE OTHER PART OF THAT THAT WE TALKED ABOUT EARLIER WAS KENTUCKY COAL.

ESPECIALLY AS IT RELATES TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WHEN THESE HUGE COAL SCENES WERE FOUND IN KENTUCKY.

THE RAILROADS EXPANDED.

KENTUCKY FUELED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN AMERICA IN A LOT OF WAYS DIDN'T WE?

>> ABSOLUTELY THE COAL SCHEMES ARE AMAZINGLY RICH AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS PARTICULARLY AFTER THE CIVIL WAR THAT HAD BEEN GOING ON THAT TALKED ABOUT THESE RICH SCHEMES AND IF YOU THINK LOCALLY, YES, BUT ALSO NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY COAL ENDS UP BECOMING WHAT FUELS THE LARGER URBAN CENTERS AND FUELS INDUSTRY THAT RELIES ON COAL POWER AND IT WAS IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE TO FACILITATE A WAY TO GET THAT COAL OUT OF THE REGION.

ONE DOCUMENT THAT I WILL MENTION IS THE [INAUDIBLE] A LOT OF MINERAL SPECULATORS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY THAT USED THAT DOCUMENT.

AND IT'S FASCINATING AND I THINK SORT OF UNDER STUDIED IN KENTUCKY HISTORY IT CREATES TWO ESTATES ON A SINGLE PIECE OF LAND.

AND YOU HAVE A SURFACE ESTATE WHERE THE FARMER IS SUPPOSED TO BE CONTINUING TO DO WHATEVER AGRICULTURAL THING THAT THEY WERE DOING.

BUT YOU ALSO HAVE A MINERAL ESTATE.

AND AS THE MINERAL RIGHTS ARE BOUGHT UP THEY WERE TRANSFERRED OUT OF THE REGION AND THAT'S HOW A LOT OF THE MASSIVE COAL COMPANIES THAT WE THINK ABOUT CONSOLIDATION COAL, THEY END UP COMING INTO AND SETTING UP COAL CAMPS ACROSS THE REGION.

AND WESTERN KENTUCKY YOU CANNOT FORGET THE WESTERN PART OF THE STATE AND THE COAL SCHEMES FUELING THE REVOLUTIONARY.

>> BEFORE THERE WAS A BUST THAT FOLLOWED IN THAT BOOM WHAT DID THAT DO FOR THE ECONOMY OF EASTERN KENTUCKY?

>> RESHIFTED AND CHANGED ALL OF IT.

YOU HAVE A LARGELY AGRICULTURAL BASE.

AND YOU END UP GETTING THE RISE OF A DOMINANT LIKE IN WESTERN KENTUCKY WITH TOBACCO, THAT BECOMES A DOMINANT DRIVING ECONOMIC FORCE IN EASTERN KENTUCKY.

AND IT REMAINS THAT WAY.

YOU'RE BRINGING IN FOLKS IMMIGRANTS FROM ACROSS THE WORLD TO WORK IN COAL CAMPS.

AND IT IS THE ECONOMIC DRIVER FOR GENERATIONS TO COME UNTIL THE LATTER PART OF THE 20TH CENTURY.

>> WHAT BROUGHT THAT TO A CLOSE?

WHAT WAS THE BUST PERIOD THAT FOLLOWED THERE?

>> THAT'S A HARD ONE TO UNPACK.

COAL -- YOU HAVE COMPETITION WITH OIL AND NATURAL GAS CERTAINLY LATER ON.

EXTRACTION METHODS BECOME VERY EXPENSIVE.

YOU DO HAVE A SHIFT TOWARDS MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY METHODS.

AND IT IS TOUGH ON THE REGION BECAUSE A LOT OF THE JOBS ONCE PLENTIFUL, ARE GONE.

AND THEN YOU HAVE TO FIGURE OUT WHAT AM I GOING TO DO?

MOVING FORWARD.

>> AND REALLY WITH A LOT OF THE COAL CAMPS THERE WAS A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY THAT WAS BUILT INTO THAT.

I CAN'T REMEMBER WHICH INDIVIDUAL IT WAS I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK WITH ABOUT SOME CAMPS FULL OF HUNGARIAN INDIVIDUALS.

>> HIMMERVILLE WAS IN MARTIN COUNTY AND IT'S FASCINATING BECAUSE IT WAS A HUNGARIAN COAL CAMP.

AND IT'S IN THE MIDDLE OF AN AREA WHERE -- IT IS A COOPERATIVE IT'S EMPLOYEE OWNED.

AND IT'S IN THE MIDDLE OF AN AREA DOMINATED BY CONSOLIDATION COAL NOT TOO FAR AWAY IN VAN LEER.

IT WAS I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE THINK THE MOUNTAINS AREN'T DIVERSE BUT THAT'S NOT THE CASE.

WE'VE TALKED ABOUT INDIGENOUS HISTORY AND WE'VE TALKED ABOUT THE DIFFERENT TIES OVER THE COURSE OF THIS HOUR, AND THAT'S ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF THE DIVERSITY THAT'S IN THE STATE.

THEY HAD THEIR OWN HUNGARIAN NEWSLETTER.

AND LOTS OF REALLY NEAT AMENITIES.

IT ENDED UP UNFORTUNATELY BECAUSE OF THE COMPETITION WITH THE COAL INDUSTRY, CLOSING IN THE LATE 20s JUST BEFORE THE ONSET OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION.

YOU STILL HAVE TIES AND YOU STILL HAVE THAT CULTURE THAT IS REPRESENTED IN THE REGION.

>> SO WITH KENTUCKY BEING IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HELPING TO FUEL IT THROUGH COAL, THE DEMAND FOR TOBACCO AND THE LIKE IT FUELED THE GROWTH OF THE MIDDLE CLASS HERE IN KENTUCKY.

IS THAT CORRECT?

>> WELL, ABSOLUTELY.

AND NOT ONLY DOES THAT ALLOW JUST THE SPENDING MONEY TO FLOW IN THE STATE WITH RELIABLE JOBS THROUGH LABOR ORGANIZATION AND BARGAINING FOR TOBACCO FARMERS, BUT ALSO THE SAME FUEL THAT WE AS A STATE ARE PROVIDING INTO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY IS CREATING A BASE OF CONSUMER GOODS THAT CAN BE BOUGHT AND SOLD IN SHOPS AND BECOME THE MARKERS OF MIDDLE CLASS LIFESTYLE.

AND SO EVEN THOUGH THOSE THINGS MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN MANUFACTURED IN KENTUCKY, BECAUSE THE STATE IS THE LIFE BLOOD OF THIS TURN OF THE CENTURY MANUFACTURING REVOLUTION THAT CONSUMER CULTURE ENABLED BY WHAT GOES ON HERE.

>> AND DID THAT SHIFT OF INCOME TO A MORE PROSPEROUS MIDDLE CLASS, WAS THERE A SHIFT IN POLITICAL POWER THAT WENT WITH THAT DID THE RISE OF MIDDLE CLASS HAVE LONG-TERM EFFECTS THAT CAME FROM THAT ERA?

>> THAT IS FASCINATING.

MOST POLITICAL OBSERVERS WOULD SAY KENTUCKY IS HARD TO PREDICT AND QUITE INDEPENDENT AND AS GEOGRAPHICALLY DIVERSE AS IT IS THERE ARE LOTS OF INTERESTS AS YOU MOVE EAST TO WEST AND NORTH TO SOUTH.

BUT, I THINK, ONE OF THE REALLY TELLING THINGS IS SOME OF THE LEGACIES OF SOME OF THE MUCH OLDER FORMS OF GOVERNMENT.

WE TALKED ABOUT THE ENDURING POWER OF COUNTIES OF LOCALISM.

AND THAT MAKES POLL KAY CHANGE IN KENTUCKY HARD TO TRACK WITH A NATIONAL STORY IN A LOT OF WAYS.

>> INTERESTING AND THAT FEEDS INTO THE LAST SEGMENT WE WANTED TO TALK ABOUT HERE.

WHAT THE PAST TEACHES US ABOUT THE PRESENT AND LESSONS WE CAN LEARN.

Dr. HOLDEN YOU MADE AN INTERESTING COMMENT ABOUT HOW KENTUCKY HAD NEVER BEEN A VERY NEAT AND TIDY SORT OF PLACE.

BUT YOU SEE THAT AS A STRENGTH.

WHY IS THAT?

>> YEAH, OF COURSE, ON THE LICENSE PLATES FOR A A LONGTIMET SAID UNBRIDLED SPIRIT AND UNBRIDLED IS THE THEME OF SOME OF THE STORIES WE'VE COVERED TONIGHT.

IT IS NOT A NEAT AND TIDY SORT OF PLACE.

COUNTY TO COUNTY THERE ARE DIFFERENCES.

IT'S ALSO A SPACE THAT PEOPLE LEFT.

THERE IS A KENTUCKY DIASPORA.

KENTUCKIANS IN DETROIT THERE ARE KENTUCKIANS IN THE GOLD FIELDS OF CALIFORNIA.

KENTUCKIANS WHO BECOME PRESIDENTS OF LIBERIA IN WEST AFRICA.

IT IS A STATE THAT PEOPLE COME TO IN THAT INDUSTRIAL ERA.

AFRICAN-AMERICANS LEAVE THE DEEPER SOUTH FOR INDUSTRIAL CENTERS AND CENTERS ARE LOUISVILLE OR THE COAL CAMPS.

AND IT'S NOT A MONOLITHIC PLACE.

WE'VE HAD INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, IRISH IMMIGRANTS, JEWISH IMMIGRANTS.

INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE PRESENT FROM VARIOUS REFUGEES WHO HAVE BEEN RESETTLED HERE.

SO KENTUCKY IS NOT NEAT AND TIDY BUT THE OTHER WORD IS DYNAMIC.

A CHANGING PLACE WE'RE RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE.

AND HAVING ALL THESE DIFFERENT SORTS OF FOLKS HERE VARIOUS REGIONS WITHIN A STATE IS A STRENGTH, I THINK.

>> I'LL OPEN IT UP FOR THE REST OF THE GROUP.

HOW DO YOU REALLY SEE KENTUCKY'S HISTORY AFFECTING WHERE WE ARE RIGHT NOW?

>> PIGGY BACK ON Dr. HOLDEN'S COMMENT.

I THINK THE OTHER PART OF THIS IS HISTORY IS NEVER DONE.

WHEN WE ARE LOOKING AT THIS WE'VE JUST COVERED A BIG SWATH OF KENTUCKY HISTORY.

BUT IN REALITY IT'S NOT COMPLETE.

WE CAN LOOK AT SEVERAL LAYERS.

WHEN WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE EMANCIPATION AND SLAVERY WE WERE COVERING THAT IN THE 1792 CONSTITUTION AND COVERED BEFORE THAT AND STILL BEING TALKED ABOUT TODAY.

ANYTIME WE ARE TALKING ABOUT DENYING RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS TO PEOPLE WHETHER IT'S RELIGIOUS FREEDOMS, EMANCIPATION, THAT STILL A STORY THAT IS UNPACKING AND WE'RE NEEDING TO DELVE INTO.

HOW HAS THAT PAST INFLUENCE WHERE WE ARE NOW?

WE'VE COVERED A LOT OF THINGS.

THESE DYNAMICS OF THE COUNTIES IT'S REALLY TO ME I SEE A LOT OF THIS A VERY AGATHERRIAN STATE FOR THE LONGEST TIME AND THE CONFLICT WE FEEL OR THE PRESSURES WE FEEL ON THE URBANIZATION OF HOW THINGS ARE GOING.

AND HOW DO WE ADJUST BACK TO THOSE CHANGES THAT ARE GOING ON.

I THINK YOU SEE A LOT OF DIFFERENT WAYS TO WHERE THE HISTORY IS STILL THERE.

WHETHER IT'S ON THE LANDSCAPE, WHETHER IT'S WITH OUR PEOPLE, WITH THE EVENTS AND THE TIMES.

AND HOW CAN WE AS HISTORIANS BETTER HELP ELEVATE THOSE STORIES SO THAT PEOPLE CAN LEARN FROM THOSE.

NOT JUST LEARN FROM THEM BUT USE THEM AS THE CONTEXT HOW THEY KNOW WHO THEY ARE AS KENTUCKIANS.

>> AND THINKING, TOO, WE CAN TALK ABOUT A LARGER NATIONAL STORY.

BUT MAKING SURE THAT WE PARTICULARLY AS KENTUCKY HISTORIANS ARE SAYING WITH THE LOCAL AND THE STATE IS ALSO VERY, VERY IMPORTANT.

AND I THINK SOMETIMES THAT IS DISCOUNTED MAYBE.

SO IT'S IMPORTANT FOR US TO BE ABLE TO DIVE INTO THE STORIES AND EXPLORE LESSER KNOWN FIGURES AND BE ABLE TO PROVIDE PERSPECTIVE ON A VARIETY OF ISSUES THAT ARE GOING ON TODAY.

EVERYTHING FROM RESISTANCE AND CHANGE AND IMMIGRATION TO MEDICAL HISTORY.

FOR US TO BE A VOICE, IF YOU WILL TO GIVE GUIDELINE WE HAVE BEEN DOWN THIS ROAD BEFORE WHAT SHOULD WE LEARN FROM IT.

I THINK THAT'S SOMETHING THAT IS VERY IMPORTANT.

>> THAT'S EXACT EXACTLY RIGHT AS WE TALK ABOUT INDIGENOUS HISTORY OF OUR REGION AT THE FILSON WE TALK ABOUT THE WAYS THAT HERE AT THIS INTERSECTION OF RIVERS THE MISSISSIPPI, THE OHIO AND THE MISSOURI WE ARE AT THE BULLSEYE ALL OF THE AT THE TIME TONIC PLATES OF NORTH AMERICA COME TOGETHER OVER US WHICH MADE US THIS GLOBAL CROSSROADS WE HAVE BASKETBALL TALKING ABOUT FOR A VERY LONG TIME AND THAT PLAYS OUT FROM NATIVE POLITICS AND INNER TRIBAL AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS GOING BACK TENS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS AND IT CONTINUES TO BE THE CASE IN AMERICAN POLITICS EVEN UP TO TODAY.

I'VE ALWAYS SAID THAT PIGGY BACKING ON IDEAS WE'VE ROLLED OUT HERE IN OF THE PAST FEW MINUTES, IF YOU USE THE ANALOGY OF HISTORY AS A SCIENCE I THINK IT IS MORE OF AN AFTER THE BUT A SOCIAL SCIENCE, YOU DON'T HAVE ANY BETTER LABORATORY TO DO AN EXPERIMENT ON THE UNITED STATES THAN YOU HAVE HERE IN KENTUCKY.

WE HAVE ALL OF THE ELEMENTS.

YOU CAN TELL ANY STORY THAT IS NATIONALLY RELEVANT RIGHT HERE WITH THE ELEMENTS WE HAVE.

HOWEVER, THAT MEANS GETTING BACK TO Dr. LANG'S POINT WE HAVE TO BE SO FOCUSED ON OUR LOCAL STORIES AND LOCAL NUANCES AND VARIATIONS AND QUIRKS AND THINGS THAT SET US APART BECAUSE THOSE ARE SO VALUABLE FOR US TO FEED INTO THIS GREAT EQUATION TRY TO UNDERSTAND OURSELVES AND I THINK EVERYBODY CAN UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES THROUGH KENTUCKY NATIONALLY.

>> AND THAT TAGS INTO SOMETHING, SCOTT, THAT YOU AND I TALKED ABOUT.

WE'VE TALKED EXCLUSIVELY ABOUT KENTUCKY HISTORY.

BUT AT THE END OF A LONG CONVERSATION YOU AND I HAD A WEEK AGO SOMETHING YOU LEFT ME WITH STUCK WITH ME IT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW ABOUT STATE HISTORY BUT YOU REALLY NEED TO BE A STUDENT OF LOCAL HISTORY FOR WHERE YOU ARE LIVING AS WELL.

WHY IS THAT SO IMPORTANT?

>> I THINK SEVERAL DIFFERENT POINTS.

WE'VE COVERED THIS IDEA THAT KENTUCKY IS A GEOGRAPHICALLY DIVERSE STATE IT HAS CERTAIN INFLUENCES ON THIS.

AND WE'D ALL AGREE WHEN WE TRAVEL AROUND, EVERYBODY WANTS TO TELL YOU THEIR STORY.

I THINK KENTUCKIANS HAVE A STRONG SENSE OF PLACE AND BY KNOWING YOUR LOCAL HISTORY NOT WHETHER IT'S FAMILY HISTORY AND GENEALOGY OR THE HISTORY OF YOUR TOWN AND LOCALITY IT IS OUR SENSE OF IDENTITY.

WHEN YOU LOOK AT KENTUCKY AND THE DIVERSE CULTURES AND POPULATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN HERE, IT'S STILL IMPORTANT FOR US TO KNOW THAT LOCAL STORY THAT COMES HERE.

LIKE I SAID EARLIER A LOT OF TIMES HELPING PEOPLE RECOGNIZE THE HISTORY HAPPENS AT THAT LOCAL LEVEL AT THEIR LOCAL, I CAN GO ON MY SOAPBOX IN SUPPORTING OUR LOCAL HISTORY.

IT NEEDS OUR SUPPORT.

THESE PEOPLE ALL VOLUNTEERS OR JUST LOCAL COLLECTORS AND WHEN YOU DON'T PRESERVE AND SAVE THOSE LOCAL STORIES THEY RUN THE RISK OF GOING AWAY.

AND WHEN THEY DON'T EXIST THEN OUR FUTURE HISTORIANS DO NOT HAVE THAT MAJOR RESOURCE TO HELP UNPACK THE STORIES OF THOSE LOCAL COMMUNITIES.

>> I'M TEEING THIS UP ONE OF THE GREAT REPOSSIBLER TOES IS THE KENTUCKY HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND THE KENTUCKY HISTORY CENTER FOR FOLKS THAT MAY NOT BE FAMILIAR WITH WHAT YOU DO, GIVE THEM AN UPDATE?

>> AND THE FILSON HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

AND WE WERE TALKING ABOUT THE GREEN ROOM WE'VE ALL KNOWN EACH OTHER THROUGH OUR WORK.

AT THE KENTUCKY HISTORICAL SOCIETY WE ARE MULTIFACETED.

ORIGINATING BACK IN 1836 AND IT WAS A GROUP OF PEOPLE SAYING WE HAVE TO COLLECT THIS STUFF BEFORE IT DISAPPEARS.

AND NOW IT GOES THROUGH DIFFERENT VERSIONS AND DIFFERENT PEOPLE COLLECTING AND PRESERVING IT.

BUT THE MAIN POINT IS FOR US TO COLLECT AND PRESERVE BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY TO MAKE IT ACCESSIBLE TO PEOPLE.

WE DO THAT THROUGH MUSEUM EXHIBITS AND RESEARCH LIBRARY.

WE DO IT IN A LOT OF OUTREACH PROGRAMS.

WE WERE TALKING BEFORE THE SHOW STARTED IF YOU ENCOUNTER ONE OF THE 2600 MARKERS AROUND THE STATE THAT IS PROVIDED BY THE KENTUCKY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

WE ARE A PRETTY WIDE RANGING GROUP OF PROGRAMS, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS, SUPPORTING TEACHERS.

BUT IT'S ALL DRIVEN HOW DO WE MAKE KENTUCKY HOW DO WEIGH COLLECT IT, INTERPRET IT AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC.

>> IF THE FOLKS HAVE NOT VISITED THE HISTORY CENTER IN FRANKFORT IT IS A REMARKABLE FACILITY.

>> THANK YOU.

WE HAD THREE FACILITIES UNDER OUR UMBRELLA.

WE INTERPRET THE KENTUCKY'S OLD STATE HOUSE AND THE OLD STATE CAPITOL WHICH IS -- WHEN YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT THE HISTORY OF A PLACE THE THINGS THAT HAPPENED IN THAT SPACE I LOVE TO TALK ABOUT WHEN HENRY CLAY SPEAKS IN THERE.

AND LOVE TO TALK ABOUT WHEN THEY ARE DEBATING NOT JUST MUNDANE STUFF BUT DEBATING HEAVY THINGS OF SECESSION OF DENYING RIGHTS ON CONFERRING RIGHTS IT GIVES YOU GOOSE BUMPS WHERE YOU SIT IN THE SAME PLACE AND WE OPERATE THE KENTUCKY MILITARY MUSEUM WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY AFFAIRS.

WE HAVE A WIDE RANGE OF PLACES WE CAN TRY TO COVER KENTUCKY HISTORY WHICH INCLUDES ON-LINE.

THAT ALLOWS PEOPLE TO ACCESS KENTUCKY HISTORY WHEN THEY NEED TO.

>> AND THE FILSON IS A GREAT BENEFACTOR TELL US ABOUT THE ROLE THAT YOU PLAY AND PRESERVE IN STATE HISTORY.

>> SINCE 1844 WE HAVE BEEN COLLECTK, PRESERVING AND SHARING THROUGH PUBLICATIONS, KENTUCKY'S HISTORY AND THAT OF THE OHIO VALLEY AS WELL.

RESEARCH COLLECTIONS THAT GO BACK TO PRESTATEHOOD.

AND A LEGACY OF ENGAGING PEOPLE TO DO THEIR OWN WORK.

WE STARTED OUT AS A PRIVATE CLUB OF EVERYDAY KENTUCKIANS WHO WANTED TO PUT KENTUCKY ON THE NATIONAL MAP AND PUT OUT TOP PUBLICATIONS THAT COULD CIRCULATE IN THE BEST LIBRARIES AND MAKE OUR MARK THROUGH HISTORY AND WE TAKE THAT SERIOUSLY THROUGH OUR ACADEMIC WORK AND MAKING SURE EVERYBODY IS EQUIPPED TO TELL THEIR OWN STORY.

>> WE TURN TO YOU QUITE A BIT FOR STORIES WE WORK ON FOR PROGRAMS LIKE THIS.

WE DO APPRECIATE BOTH OF THOSE.

THIS HAS BEEN A LIVELY DISCUSSION TONIGHT AS EXPECTED AND I THANK OUR PANELISTS WHO JOINED US.

I HOPE YOU HAVE ENJOYED IT AS MUCH AS WE HAVE.

THERE IS A GREAT QUOTE FROM HARRY TRUMAN THE ONLY THING NEW IN THE WORLD IS THE HISTORY YOU DO NOT KNOW.

I HOPE TONIGHT WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO SHARE THINGS ABOUT OUR GREAT STATE THAT MAYBE YOU DIDN'T KNOW.

IF YOU ARE INTERESTED REMEMBER THE TERRIFIC RESOURCES THAT WE HAVE AVAILABLE HERE IN THE COMMONWEALTH THROUGH THE KENTUCKY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, THE FILSON HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND OTHERS.

IT'S DEFINITELY WORTH LEARNING ABOUT.

AS CHA CHARLIE MUNGER FORMER VICE-CHAIRMAN OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY SAID THERE'S NO BETTER TEACHERS THAN HISTORY IN DETERMINING THE FUTURE.

YOU CAN FIND ANSWERS FOR 30 BILL ANSWERS FOR A 30 DOLLAR BOOK.

AND WATCH "KENTUCKY EDITION" THAT COMES YOUR WAY EACH EVENING.

THANKS FOR WATCHING.