>> HELLO, GOOD AFTERNOON, WELCOME, MY NAME IS NICK ZOLA, AND WE'LL GET STARTED IN ABOUT 60 SECONDS.

AND THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY.

THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY.

HELLO AGAIN, AND WELCOME FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO JUST CAME ON.

WE'LL BE STARTING IN ABOUT 45 SECONDS OR SO, AND THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY.

>> HELLO, EVERYONE, THANK YOU FOR COMING TODAY AND WE'LL GET STARTED IN THE NEXT 20 SECONDS AS THE LAST PEOPLE JOIN US.

GOOD AFTERNOON, MY NAME IS NICK ZOLA, I'M AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF RELIGION, AND I WORK IN THE RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY DIVISION AT PEPPERDINE.

IT'S MY PLEASURE TO WELCOME YOU TO THIS EVENT WITH SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND VIRTUAL TOUR OF BIBLES, HOSTED BY MELISSA NYKANEN, WHO I'LL INTRODUCE IN JUST A MOMENT.

ONE OF MY PRIMARY RESEARCHES IS ANCIENT BIBLICAL MANUSCRIPTS, AND THE PRESENTATION THAT YOU'RE WHEN TO SEE IS SIMILAR TO THE ONE THAT I INVITE MY STUDENTS TO PARTICIPATE IN EVERY SEMESTER.

EACH BIBLE IS A WINDOW INTO RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES.

THEY'RE MORE THAN ARTIFACTS THAT WE WOULD USE TO REESTABLISH SOME ANCIENT TEXT.

THEY'RE LIVING DOCUMENTS, AND THEY TELL A STORY OF THEIR TIME AND OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE USING THEM AND THIS IS WHY I'M DRAWN TO STUDY ANCIENT TEXTS AND WHY THIS PRESENTATION I THINK IS SO VITALLY IMPORTANT.

IT DOESN'T JUST TELL OTHER PEOPLE'S STORIES, IT TELLS OUR OWN STORIES AS WELL.

I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE LIBRARIES FOR ORGANIZING THIS EVENT.

IT PRIDES ITSELF ON BRIDGING PEOPLE AND THE COMMUNITY AND EVENTS LIKE THE ONE TODAY IS OPEN TO A GENERAL AUDIENCE, AND WE WANT TO INSPIRE YOU TO EARN NO MATTER YOUR AFFILIATION TO PEPPERDINE.

THERE WILL BE A QUESTION-AND-ANSWER SESSION, AND YOU CAN USE THE BUTTON DOWN BELOW THAT SAYS CHAT TO SUBMIT QUESTIONS TO MELISSA OR THE PANELISTS WHO WILL BE FACILITATE THAT AND ANOTHER MEMBER OF THE LIBRARIES TEAM WILL BE FACILITATING THAT Q-AND-A.

AT THIS POINT, I WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE TO YOU TODAY'S SPEAKER, MELISSA NYKANEN, WHO IS WITH SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES.

MELISSA HAS AN MSLIS DEGREE FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AND SHE HAS WORKED ON SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AT PEPPERDINE.

SHE TEACHES HISTORY ON BOOK AND ARCHIVAL WERE RELIGION AND HISTORY AND DIGITAL HUMANITIES IN ENGLISH AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES AND LANGUAGES.

MELISSA'S PRIMARY INTERESTS ARE THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE BOOK AND CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE COLLECTIONS.

TODAY, MELISSA WILL BE SPEAKING ON THE TOPIC OF HISTORIC BIBLES IN PEPPERDINE'S HISTORIC COLLECTIONS.

IT'S MY PLEASURE TO BRING YOU NOW, MELISSA NYKANEN.

>> THANK YOU, NICK, AND THANK YOU EVERYONE FOR JOINING US TODAY.

AND I'M EXCITED TO HAVE THIS TIME TO SHARE OUR COLLECTIONS WITH YOU.

OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS, I'VE BEEN FORTUNATE ENOUGH TO WORK WITH PROFESSOR ZOLA AND OTHER PROFESSORS IN ART HISTORY AND ENGLISH TO SHARE PEPPERDINE'S HISTORIC COLLECTIONS WITH OUR STUDENTS.

IT'S ALWAYS A PLEASURE BECAUSE THE STUDENTS CAN SEE AND CONNECT WITH THE ONLY JECTS THAT WE'RE ABLE TO SHOW THEM IN COLLECTIONS.

SO WHEN JEFF, THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROGRAMMING ASKED ME TO DO SOME PRESENTATIONS, I KNEW I WOULD LIKE IT START WITH THIS ONE.

AS THE MOST WIDELY DIRECTED BOOK IN THE WORLD, THE BIBLE HAS HAD AN EXTRAORDINARY IMPACT ON CULTURES AND FAITH TRADITIONS.

ALSO, THE BIBLE IS SO CENTRAL TO PEPPERDINE'S CURRICULUM AND MISSION.

OVER ITS LONG HISTORY, THE BIBLE HAS TAKEN MANY PHYSICAL FORMS, FROM PARCHMENT TO SCROLLS, TO PRINTED BOOKS ON PAPER.

THE TEXT ITSELF HAS BEEN RENDERED IN MANY DIFFERENT WAYS.

MOST NOTABLY TRANSLATED FROM THE ANCIENT GREEK AND HEBREW INTO LATIN AND THEN EVENTUALLY INTO OTHER LANGUAGES LIKE ENGLISH, AND ALL OF THESE INTERPRETATIONS HAVE BEEN THROUGH COMMENTARY AND SUPPLEMENTED WITH MAPS AND DRAMAS AND OTHER IMAGES.

TODAY, I'M EXCITED TO SHARE WITH YOU FIVE ITEMS FROM OUR SPECIAL COLLECTIONS THAT REPRESENTS SOME OF THIS HISTORY.

WE DON'T HAVE NEARLY ENOUGH TIME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF THE BIBLE.

BUT BY LOOKING AT A FEW EXAMPLES THAT REPRESENT MILESTONE MOMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE BIBLE, I'M HOPING THAT YOU'LL COME AWAY WITH A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIBLE'S HISTORY AND HOW IT'S LINKED TO TECHNOLOGY.

I'M GOING TO BE USING OUR DOCUMENT CAMERA TO SHARE THESE ITEMS WITH YOU LIVE SO I APOLOGIZE IN ADVANCE FOR ANY TECHNOLOGICAL HICCUPS THAT COME ALONG WITH THIS LIVE TECHNOLOGY, ESPECIALLY AS A MOVE THE CAMERA UP AND DOWN FOR A VARIETY OF SIZES OF MATERIALS THAT WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT TODAY.

LET'S GET STARTED.

I'M GOING TO SHARE OUR FIRST ITEM.

OKAY, THERE WHICH GO.

THE FIRST ITEM I WANT TO SHARE WITH YOU TODAY IS A SCROLL OF THE BOOK OF ESTER.

GOING BACK TO THE BEGINNING, THE OLDEST BIBLICAL TEXTS WE HAVE WERE WRITTEN AS SCROLLS.

YOU'RE PROBABLY FAMILIAR WITH THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS, FOUND IN THE 20TH CENTURY, AND THOSE WERE PRODUCED FROM THE THIRD CENTURY TO FIFTH CENTURY.

IN PEPPERDINE, WE DON'T HAVE ANY SCRIPTS THAT ARE THAT OLD, BUT WE HAVE A FEW SCROLLS.

THIS SCROLL IS THE BOOK OF ESTER, WRITTEN IN HEBREW.

WRITTEN IN IS A MONEY.

IT'S NOT THAT OLD, BUT IT GIVES US A SENSE OF WHAT IT WAS LIKE TO USE SCROLLS IN ANCIENT TIMES AND HOW THEY MAY HAVE FUNCTIONED.

AND IT'S AN ONGOING TRADITION IN JUDAISM TO WRITE ON SCROLLS.

THIS SCROLL IN PARTICULAR, THE EFFORTER SCROLL IS WRITTEN AT THE FESTIVAL OF PURIM ONE THING YOU NIGHT NOTICE, THE OUTER LAYERS OF THIS SCROLL LOOK WORN AND USED AND DIRTY, AS IT IS THE WAY IT SHOULD BE, BECAUSE THIS IS THE EXTERIOR, AND THERE'S NO WRITING ON THE EXTERIOR, BUT WHEN WE GET INTO T. ITS PROTECTED AND CLEANER AND STILL SHOWING SIGNS OF USE.

THE MATERIAL THIS IS WRITTEN ON IS PARCHMENT, ANIMAL SKIN THAT HAS BEEN SOAKED AND SCRAPED, IT'S A VERY STRONG WRITING SUNSHINE, AND IT CAN LAST FOR INDUSTRIES, AND IT WAS USED FOR CENTURIES BECAUSE OF HOW STRONG IT IS AND IT WAS GOOD FOR WRITING.

ANOTHER WRITING SURFACE THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE HEARD OF IS PAPYRUS, AND IT WAS MADE FROM THE STEMS OF THE PAPYRUS PLANT AND IT WAS WRITTEN TO MAKE IT STRONGER.

BIBLICAL MANUSCRIPTS WOULD HAVE BEEN WRITTEN ON BOTH PARCHMENT AND PAPYRUS.

I WANT TO POINT OUT A FEW FEATURES OF THIS SCROLL.

THE FIRST IS THE BLANK PAGE AT THE BEGINNING WHICH IS VERY COMMON, AND IT HELPS TO PROTECT THE TEXT SO WHAT'S HAPPENING ON THE OUTSIDE IS NOT HAPPENING TO THE FIRST PAGE OF TEXT.

WHAT'S ALSO HAPPENING, YOU MIGHT NOTICE, THE VERY FAINT LINES HERE, AND THIS IS LENGTH RULING WAS USED TO HELP THE SCRIBE MAKE THE WRITING STRAIGHT.

AND IN SOME CASES, THE RULING IS PROVIDED AS INK OR PENCIL LINES, BUT IN THIS CASE, IT'S CALLED LINED RULING, SO A SHARP TOOL WAS USED TO CREATE THE RULING LINES, BUT NO INK OR PENCIL CAN BE SEEN ON THEM.

AS WE GO IN A LITTLE BIT, WE CAN SEE THAT THERE ARE MULTIPLE COLUMNS OF TEXT, AND AS THIS IS HEBREW, WE'LL BE READING FROM RIGHT TO LEFT.

ONE OF THE THINGS I FIND REALLY INTERESTING ABOUT THE SCROLL IN PARTICULAR IS THE PLACE WHERE IT'S SEWN TOGETHER.

SO YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE'S STITCHING RIGHT HERE, WHERE TWO PIECES OF PARCHMENT HAVE BEEN SEWN TOGETHER AND IF I TURN IT OVER, YOU CAN SEE WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE ON THE BACKSIDE.

THE SEWING IS REGULARLY USED WITH PARCHMENT DOCUMENTS, IN THIS CASE, TO PUT TWO PIECES TOGETHER.

BUT IN OTHER CASES, THE SEWING IS USED TO MAKE HOLES OR OTHER KINDS OF INSERTS.

THIS ALSO REPRESENTS ONE THE LIMITATIONS OF SCROLLS.

SO AS YOU CAN IMAGINE, A SCROLL IS LIMITED IN HOW MUCH CONTENT WILL FIT ON ONE PARTICULAR SCROLL.

IN THIS CASE, MULTIPLE PIECES OF PARCHMENT WERE NEEDED AND THAT WOULD BE TRUE WITH PAPYRUS TO TEACH MULTIPLE PIECES TOGETHER.

BUT THEY'RE STILL LIMITED WITH HOW LONG THE PIECE COULD BE.

SO FOR EXAMPLE, THE SCROLL FROM THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS, THAT ONE IS 24 FEET AND IF YOU GO ONLINE, YOU CAN SEE ALL 24 FEET LAID OUT AND IT'S PRETTY REMARKABLE.

BUT THAT WAS ONE OF THE LONGER SCROLLS, SO THERE'S CERTAINLY A LIMITATION ON THE SIZE OF THE TEXT THAT COULD BE INCLUDED IN THE SCROLL.

THE OTHER ELEMENT THAT YOU MIGHT NOTICE, AS I'M SCROLLING THIS WAY, IF YOU WERE TO FIND A PARTICULAR PLACE IN THE TEXT AS A REFERENCE, IT'S A LITTLE BIT DIFFICULT TO FIND PARTICULAR REFERENCES AND IT TAKES A LITTLE BIT OF TIME.

SO THAT'S ONE OF THE OTHER LIMITATIONS OF SCROLLS.

THE SCROLLS WERE EXTREMELY POPULAR FOR A LONG TIME AND REMAINED IN USE FOR CENTURIES AND EVEN TODAY THEY'RE PART OF THE ONGOING BIBLICAL TEXT IN THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES.

I ALSO BROUGHT THIS FEATHER QUICKLY TO SHOW YOU, SO THIS QUICKLY WAS USED IN THE MAKING OF THE ST. JOHN'S BIBLE, WHICH WE'LL TALK ABOUT IN A FEW MINUTES, AND THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE KIND OF TOOL THAT WOULD BE USED FOR WRITING EARLY MANUSCRIPTS FOR WRITING THE SCROLL OR OTHER EARLY MANUSCRIPTS THAT WE'LL SEE TODAY.

SO EARLY -- I'M GOING TO MOVE MY CAMERA, AND THIS IS ONE OF THOSE TECHNOLOGICAL MOMENTS.

EARLY BIBLICAL TEXTS WERE FOUND ON SEPARATE SCROLLS AND COMPILED INTO MUCH BOOK OF LATER, HOWEVER, WE DO HAVE EXCEPTIONS TO THIS, AND WHAT I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU NOW IS THE CODEX SINAITICUS.

AND THIS IS AN EXACTLY OF A TIME WHEN ALL OF THE BIBLE, THE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE OLD TESTAMENT WAS COMBINED INTO ONE BOOK, WHICH WOULDN'T HAPPEN REGULARLY FOR CENTURIES, BUT WE HAVE AN EXAMPLE OF IT HERE.

SO THE CODEX SINAITICUS WAS PRODUCED IN THE 19TH CENTURY, SHORTLY AFTER THE CODEX SINAITICUS WAS DISCOVERED.

MUCH OF THE ORIGINAL CODEX IS BOUND INTO TWO VOLUMES AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY AND OTHERS HELD AT OTHER LIBRARIES AS WELL.

IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT, AND AS I MENTIONED, IT INCLUDED THE ENTIRE BIBLE.

THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE OLD TESTAMENT WAS PROVIDED IN GREEK, AND THEN THE NEW TESTAMENT WAS OF COURSE IN GREEK AS WELL.

SINCE THAT WAS IT'S ORIGINAL LANGUAGE.

WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT HERE IS THE GOSPEL OF MARK, AND YOU CAN SEE IT A LITTLE BIT BETTER.

IF YOU KNOW GREEK LETTERS, YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO SEE THE NAME OF THE BOOK OF MARK HERE.

AND THEN WE CAN ALSO SEE THAT THIS IS THE END, WHICH IS INDICATED BY THIS DECORATIVE SCROLL WORK HERE, AND THEN A NOTE THAT THIS BOOK IS ENDING AND THE NEXT IS BEGINNING.

ONE THING TO NOTE ABOUT THIS CODEX IS THIS BEAUTIFUL HANDWRITING, AND THESE ARE GREEK CAPITAL LETTERS, AND I THINK THEY'RE QUITE IMPRESSIVE.

THE HANDWRITING ON THIS IS BEAUTIFUL.

THERE ARE FOUR COLUMNS ON EACH PAGE, WHICH YOU MIGHT HAVE NOTICED.

SO IT HAS A LITTLE BIT OF THE LOOK OF A SCROLL, IF YOU WERE TO UNROLL A SCROLL FULLY, IT HAS THE SAME LOOK AS THAT.

A LOT OF EFFORT WAS MADE WITH THE CODEX SINAITICUS TO BE CORRECT.

AND SO MANY OF THE CORRECTIONS ARE SEEN, AND IT WAS A STRONG EFFORT TO MAKE THIS A VERY ACCURATE MANUSCRIPT.

ONE THING TO NOTE, THIS IS NOT A TRADITION.

A COMPLETE BIBLE AT THIS TIME WAS EXTREMELY RARE, AND THE FACT THAT IT WAS DISCOVERED IN THE 19TH CENTURY HAS BEEN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP.

AND IT'S NOT SOMETHING THAT WE WOULD SEE REGULARLY AGAIN FOR MANY MORE CENTURIES.

THERE ARE SO MANY THINGS THAT WE COULD TALK ABOUT IN REGARDS TO THIS.

BUT ONE THAT I WANT TO POINT OUT TODAY IS THE RISE OF THE CODEX AS A BOOK FORMAT.

THE CODEX SIMPLY MEANS THE BOOK FORMAT TODAY, A RECTANGULAR OBJECT WITH HARD COVERS AND PAGES THAT YOU TURN.

MANY OF THEM ARE CODICES RATHER THAN SCROLLS, AND OFTEN IT'S ASSOCIATED WITH THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY.

THERE COULD BE A NUMBER OF REASONS FOR THIS, BUT IT'S LIKELY THAT IT WAS LESS EXPENSIVE TO PRODUCE CODICES, BECAUSE THEY COULD BE PRODUCED ON BOTH SIDES OF THE PAGES AND CONTENT EASILY USED IN ONE SCROLL.

AS WELL AS IF YOU'RE TRYING TO REFERENCE SOMETHING IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TEXT RATHER THAN REED IT THROUGH, IT'S MUCH EASIER TO NAVIGATE TO THE RIGHT SPOT IN A CODEX RATHER THAN A SCROLL.

FOR A PERIOD OF TIME BOTH CODICES AND SCROLLS WERE USED.

BUT EVENTUALLY, THE CODEX TOOK OVER AS THE PROMINENT FORMAT FOR BOOKS, BUT SCROLLMAKING DOES CONTINUE IN THE JEWISH TRADITION.

SO FOR THE NEXT ITEM THIS I'M GOING TO SHARE WITH YOU, WE'RE GOING TO JUMP FAR INTO THE FUTURE TO THE 13TH CENTURY, BUT BEFORE WE JUMP INTO THE 13TH CENTURY, I WANT TO SAY A FEW THINGS ABOUT THE INTERVENING YEARS.

SO IN THE FORTY CENTURY, WHEN THE CODEX SINAITICUS WAS PRODUCED.

THERE WAS A LOT OF WORK GOING ON IN THE BIBLE AS WELL.

ONE OF THE MORE NOTABLE THINGS GOING ON IN THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CENTURIES AND BEYOND ARE THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE THAT START TO APPEAR.

SO THE BIBLE IS TRANSLATED INTO LANGUAGES SUCH AS COPTIC, ARMENIAN AND GEORGIAN AMONG OTHERS, AND ONE OF THE MORE NOTABLE TRANSLATIONS IN THE EARLY DAYS, ESPECIALLY TAKING PLACE IN THE FOURTH CENTURY IS THE TRANSLATION BY ST. JEROME INTO LATIN.

THE BIBLE HAD BEEN TRANSLATED INTO LATIN IN THE PAST BUT JEROME TOOK ON A NEW PROJECTS AND IT WAS A MASSIVE PROJECTS, BUT THE RESULT IS THE COMMON LATIN.

AND THIS TOOK A LITTLE WHILE TO CATCH ON, BUT IT BECAME EXTREMELY IMPORTANT AND EXTREMELY POPULAR AND WELL USED TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE.

IT HAD A BIG IMPACT ON FURTHER TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE AS WELL.

SO DURING THIS TIME, BIBLES WERE MOSTLY HANDWRITTEN IN CODICES WITH JUST A TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT, AND FOR EXAMPLE, IT WAS VERY COMMON TO FIND A VOLUME OF THE GOSPELS OR THE VOLUME OF THE PSALMS, AND THESE ARE THE KINDS OF MANUSCRIPTS THAT WE WOULD FIND IN THIS TIME PERIOD.

AND ALSO LITURGICAL MANUSCRIPTS AS WELL.

SO TO GUIDE THE MASS, OR OTHER KINDS OF RELIGIOUS SERVICES IN THE MONASTERIES AND THE OTHER PLACES.

ALSO, THEY TENDED TO BE QUITE LARGE.

AND THIS BRINGS US TO THE 13TH CENTURY, ANOTHER DRAMATIC SHIFT IN BIBLE PRODUCTION, AND I'M GOING TO SHARE THE NEXT ITEM HERE.

HERE WE GO.

SO IN THE 13TH CENTURY, BIBLES WENT THROUGH SIGNIFICANT CHANGES, AND SOME OF THESE WE CAN SEE IN THIS MANUSCRIPT HERE, WHICH IS A 13TH CENTURY MANUSCRIPT AND SOME OF THOSE INCLUDE THAT MANUSCRIPTS BECAME MUCH MUCH SMALLER AND IT'S HARD TO SEE ON-SCREEN, BUT THIS IS VERY TINY WRITING.

I'LL PUT MY FINGER FOR SCALE.

TINY WRITING IN THIS MANUSCRIPT.

AND ANOTHER BIG CHANGE, WE SEE THE BIBLE IN ONE BOOK.

THE CODEX DID NOT EXIST, BUT IN THE 13TH CENTURY, WE SEE THIS HAPPENING MUCH MORE FREQUENTLY AND BECOMING MORE THE NORM.

ALSO IN THE 13TH CENTURY, WE GET STANDARDIZED CHAPTER NUMBERS, REFERENCING DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BIBLE, AND IN THE PAST, BIBLES HAD BEEN SOMETIMES NUMBERED, SECTIONS OF THE BIBLE HAD BEEN NUMBERED BUT IT WAS NOT CONSISTENT FROM ONE MANUSCRIPT TO ANOTHER.

AND THIS MADE IT MORE THAN CONSISTENT AS TO WHERE IN THE BOOK OF THE BIBLE YOU WERE.

YOU COULD REFERENCE A PARTICULAR CHAPTER NUMBER.

AT THE SAME TIME, THE ORDER OF THE BOOKS OF THE BIBLE THAT WE KNOW TODAY WAS BEING STANDARDIZED.

AND SO FOR THE FIRST TIME THE BOOKS OF THE BIBLE ARE APPEARING IN AN ORDER THAT'S PRETTY SIMILAR TO WHAT WE KNOW TODAY.

SO THIS IS A LEAF FROM THE BOOK OF NEHEMIAH.

AND WE SEE HERE A LARGER LETTER THAT STARTS OFF THE BOOK OF NEHEMIAH.

AND THEN AS I MENTIONED, SINCE THE CHAPTER NUMBERS WERE STARTING TO BE STANDARDIZED, WE CAN SEE SOME CHAPTER NUMBERS IN THE MARGINS HERE.

SO WE SEE CHAPTER 2.

AND THEN IN THE TEXT, YOU CAN SEE THE CAPITAL LETTER E THAT STARTS CHAPTER 2.

AND INTERESTINGLY, THE SCRIBE WHO WAS WRITING THE SCRIPT WROTE A SMALLER E INTO THE CAPTION, AND PROBABLY, THERE WAS ANOTHER 2 OVER ON THE OTHER SIDE AS WELL.

SO THAT WHEN THE RUBRICATOR CAME THROUGH TO ADD THE RED, THEY WOULD KNOW THAT THE FIRST LETTER WAS AN E AND THIS WAS CAPITAL TOO.

WE SEE A COUPLE OF THOSE ON THE BACKSIDE OF THIS AS WELL.

SO HERE WE HAVE CHAPTER 3 STARTING, AND THEN CHAPTER 4 I THINK IS ONE OF THE MORE INTERESTING ONES, BECAUSE WE CAN SEE THE RUBIKATOR IS CHAPTER 4, AND THEN WAY OFF TO THE SIDE THE SCRIBE'S NOTE THAT IT SHOULD BE THIS LETTER AND THIS CHAPTER NUMBER.

AND THESE PROBABLY WERE MEANT TO BE IN THE BINDING SO YOU WOULDN'T SEE THEM.

BUT WE'RE LUCKY ENOUGH THAT WE GET TO SEE A LITTLE BIT OF A CLUE HOW THIS MANUSCRIPT WAS PRODUCED.

SO THIS IS ON PARCHMENT, AND IT'S A VERY FINE AND DELICATE FORM OF PARCHMENT.

AND THIS IS PART OF THE REASON WHY BIBLES WERE ABLE TO BE SO MUCH SMALLER IN THE 13TH CENTURY, THEY CREATED A PARCHMENT THAT WAS MUCH MUCH THINNER.

IT'S KIND OF LIKE BIBLES TODAY HAVE VERY THIN PAGES AND THIS IS INCREDIBLE THIN AND DELICATE.

AND WE'RE NOT 100% SURE HOW THIS KIND OF PARCHMENT WAS PRODUCED BUT IT COULD HAVE BEEN THAT IT WAS JUST STRETCHED AND SCRAPED FOR A LOT LONGER PERIOD OF TIME UNTIL IT WAS THIN, AND IT COULD HAVE BEEN THAT THERE WAS SOME SEPARATION OF THE SKIN INTO THINNER SHEETS.

BUT REGARDLESS, WE HAVE A VERY FINE PARCHMENT PAGE HERE.

SO THIS IS JUST AS YOU NOTICE PROBABLY, THIS IS JUST ONE SINGLE LEAF FROM THE BOOK OF NEHEMIAH MAYA, AND THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN FOUND AS PART OF AN ENTIRE BIBLE AT ONE POINT, BUT SOMEWHERE ALONG THE LINE, IT GOT SEPARATED FROM THE BOOK, SO WE HAVE JUST A SIM LEAF.

IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE, MANUSCRIPT PRODUCTION WAS OFTEN TAKING PLACE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MONASTERIES.

BY THE 13TH CENTURY WHEN THIS BIBLE WAS WRITTEN, THERE WERE WORKSHOPS AND CENTERS FOR MANUSCRIPT PRODUCTION IN SOME OF THE CITIES.

WE ALSO SEE AT THE SAME TIME THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSITIES IN MANY CITIES, AND SO ITS THOUGHT THAT THESE MANUSCRIPT PRODUCTION CENTERS WERE SOMEWHAT RELATED TO THE UNIVERSITIES AND PROBABLY HELPED PROVIDE TEXTS FOR THE UNIVERSITIES.

THE SMALL BIBLES OF THE 13TH CENTURY, HOWEVER, THERE'S SOME EVIDENCE THAT PART OF THE REASON THEY BECAME SO POPULAR WAS BECAUSE OF THE DOMINICAN AND FRANCISCAN FRIARS WHO WERE TRAVELING PREACHERS, SO HAVING A SMALL, PORTABLE BOOK THAT INCLUDED THE ENTIRE BIBLE WAS REALLY ESSENTIAL TO THE WORK OF THE FRIARS.

SO AS THIS ROWS, AS MORE AND MORE OF THE FRIARS WERE TRAVELING PREACHERS, THERE WAS MORE OF A DEMAND FOR THE BIBLES AND ESPECIALLY IN FRANCE, WE SEE LOTS AND LOTS OF THEM AND THEY WERE PRODUCED.

IT DOESN'T MEAN THAT THEY WERE CHEAP.

THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN EXPENSIVE AND ONLY THE MOST WEALTHY COULD HAVE OWNED THEM.

BUT THEY WERE PRODUCED IN GREAT NUMBERS, AND THEY WERE EVIDENTLY VERY POPULAR AT THE TIME.

SO WRITING THE BIBLE, AS YOU CAN IMAGINE, WAS VERY DIFFICULT WORK AND AS I MENTIONED, THE SCRIPT IS SO TINY, IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE WHAT IT WOULD HAVE BEEN LIKE TO WRITE, AND IT COULD HAVE TAKEN A VERY LONG TIME TO WRITE A BOOK LIKE THIS, WHICH IS PART OF THE REASON FOR THE EXPENSE OF THE MANUSCRIPTS.

AND THEN THE LANGUAGE.

THE LANGUAGE OF THIS LEAF IS THE LATIN VULGATE, WHICH WE WERE TALKING ABOUT.

WHICH WAS TRANSLATE BID ST. JEROME IN THE FOURTH CENTURY, AND THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN THE PRIMARY LANGUAGE USED IN EUROPEAN CHURCHES AND THOUGH ORTHODOX CHURCHES CONTINUED TO USE GREEK.

AND THOUGH WE DON'T HAVE TIME TO LOOK AT THEM TODAY, PEPPERDINE HAS TWO LITURGICAL, WHERE YOU CAN SEE ALL OF THE PARCHMENT BOUND TOGETHER IN A CODEX AND ONE OF THESE IS A MEDIUM SIZE, AND THE OTHER IS QUITE LARGE, AND WE HAVE SOME LEAFS THAT ARE JUST ENORMOUS.

SO THERE WERE VERY DIFFERENT SIZES OF MANUSCRIPTS, AND PRIMARILY, THAT'S RELATED TO PURPOSE, WHEREAS THIS MANUSCRIPT BIBLE WAS MEANT TO BE CARRIED AND POSSIBLY USED IN SOMEONE'S HOME.

THESE OTHER MANUSCRIPTS WERE MEANT TO BE USED IN CONTEXT OF THE SERVICE, AND PERHAPS A WHOLE GROUP OF PEOPLE WOULD BE SINGING FROM ONE MANUSCRIPT AT A TIME.

AND THEY WERE SO LARGE SO EVERYONE COULD SEE THE TEXT AND THE NOTES AND THAT SORT OF THING.

OKAY, SO WE'RE GOING TO MOVE ONTO THE 15TH CENTURY, AND IN THE 15TH CENTURY, WE SEE ANOTHER HUGE TRANSITION IN THE HISTORY OF BIBLES, AND THIS OF COURSE IS WHEN GUTENBERG PRINTS THE LATIN BIBLE IN THE 1450S IN GERMANY.

SO GUTENBERG IS NOT THE FIRST TO USE PRINTING TECHNOLOGY, NOT BY A LONG SHOT.

THERE WAS PRINTING TAKING PLACE FOR CENTURIES, IN ASIA AND PARTICULARLY IN CHINA AND KOREA.

AND FOR EXAMPLE, OUR OLDEST EXTENT PRINTED BOOK IS FROM CHINA IN THE NINTH CENTURY.

AND THE GUTENBERG WAS PRINTING IN THE 15TH CENTURY, SO THIS IS A FULL 600 YEARS BEFORE GUTENBERG THAT PRINTING IS TAKING PLACE IN CHINA.

SO WHEN GUTENBERG STARTED PRINTING IN THE 1450S, HE USED INDIVIDUAL PIECES OF METTLE TYPE, ONE PIECE FOR EACH LETTER.

AND I HAVE A FEW EXAMPLES THAT YOU'LL BE ABLE TO SEE ON THE SCREEN.

THESE ARE QUITE LARGE PIECES OF TYPE.

BUT AT PRINTING WORKSHOPS, THE PRINTERS, DEPENDING ON THE SIZE AND HOW MUCH THEY COULD AFFORD WOULD HAVE SEVERAL TYPE FACES AND SEVERAL SIZES SO THEY COULD ACCOMMODATE DIFFERENT TEXT STYLES AND DIFFERENT TEXT SIZES WITHIN THEIR BOOKS.

THE BASIC PROCESS OF PRINTING INVOLVES COMPILING THE PIECES OF TYPE TOGETHER WITH THE TEXT, AND THIS IS CALLED COMPOSING, AND THIS IS DONE BY PULLING OUT INDIVIDUAL LETTERS AND PUTTING THEM IN THE LINE OF TEXT, AND PUTTING THE LINES OF TEXT INTO PARAGRAPHS OR COLUMNS OR PAGES AND LOCKING IT UP ON THE BED.

I'M SURE THIS GETS EASIER WITH PRACTICE, BUT I ONCE DID THIS FOR A SHORT RECIPE, AND IT TOOK ME HOURS UPON HOURS TO DO 10 LINES OF TEXT, AND I IMAGINE HOW MUCH DIFFICULTY IT WAS FOR THOSE WORKING IN THE PRINT SHOP.

THE LETTERS ARE ALL IN REVERSE, WHICH IS WHERE WE GET THE PHRASE, "MIND YOUR PS AND QED" AND THEY WERE PIXED UP WITH EACH OTHER.

AND IT'S WHERE WE GET THE PHRASE UPPER CASE AND LOWER CASE LETTERS, BECAUSE THE LOWER CASE LETTERS WERE LITERALLY IN THE UPPER CASE OF TYPE.

AND THE UPPER CASE WERE IN THE LOWER CASE OF TYPE.

SO ONCE THE SOURCE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL PIECES OF TYPE ARE GROUND TOGETHER ON THE PAGE AND ON THE BED OF THE PRESS AND LOCKED UP, THE TYPE WOULD BE INKEDS AND THEN A SHEET OF PAPER IS PRESSED ONTO THE TYPE TO CREATE A PRINTED PAGE.

SO IF YOU WANTED TO END UP WITH SAY 200 COPIES OF THE BOOK, YOU WOULD PRINT OFF 200 COPIES OF THIS PAGE OR GROUP OF PAGES AND THEN MOVE ONTO THE NEXT PAGE AND PRINT OFF 200 PAGE COPIES OF THAT PAGE YOU WOULD DO THAT FOR THE WHOLE BOOK UNTIL YOU HAD IT PRINTED.

GETTING TO THIS IS A LOT OF WORK.

IT'S MADE AND CAST FOR METAL AND OF COURSE COMPOSING THE TYPE AND PRINTING THE PAGES IS AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF WORK, BUT AT THE END OF THE PROCESS, YOU MIGHT HAVE 100 OR 200 BOOKS RATHER THAN JUST ONE HANDWRITTEN BOOK.

SO THE IMPLICATIONS ARE IMMENSE.

BOOKS ARE STILL EXPENSIVE BUT MORE ACCESSIBLE THAN THEY HAVE EVER BEEN, AND THIS HAS A HUGE IMPACT ON THE BIBLE.

OKAY, SO FOR OUR NEXT ITEM, I WANT TO SHOW YOU A GENEVA BIBLE.

SORRY, MY CAMERA IS NOT QUITE IN THE POSITION WE NEED IT TO BE.

SO THIS IS THE TITLE PAGE OF THE GENEVA BIBLE.

AND THIS WAS PRODUCED IN 1560.

SO ABOUT 100 YEARS AFTER GUTENBERG PRINTS HIS FAMOUS BIBLE.

AND THE BIBLE IS TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH, AND IN THIS CASE, FROM HEBREW AND GREEK BY ENGLISH PROTESTANTS, AND IT'S NOT PRINTED IN ENGLAND BUT IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND, WHICH IS WHERE WE GET THE NAME GENEVA BIBLE.

THE REASON FOR THIS, THIS WAS IN QUEEN MARY'S REIGN AND THE CATHOLIC TRANSLATORS WERE WORKING IN SWITZERLAND.

THIS WAS AN UNAUTHORIZED TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE.

AND DESPITE IT BEING UNAUTHORIZED, IT WAS EXTREMELY POPULAR AND EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH.

IT PREDATES THE KING JAMES BIBLE BY 50 YEARS, AND THE TRANSLATION IS REALLY WELL DONE.

THEY MAKE SPECIAL NOTE THAT THEY'RE TRANSLATING FROM THE HEBREW AND GREEK, AND THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE MANY BIBLES FROM THIS POINT HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN VOLGATE INTO OTHER LANGUAGES BUT WE SEE A LOT OF LANGUAGES INTO ENGLISH AND GERMAN BEING TRANSLATED DIRECTLY FROM HEBREW AND GREEK SOURCES.

KEEP IN MIND THEY HAVEN'T HAVE ACCESS TO ALL OF THE SOURCES WE HAVE TODAY.

THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS WERE NOT FOUND UNTIL THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES, AND THEY DID HAVE ACCESS TO OTHER HEBREW AND GREEK SOURS.

AND THEY MADE A POINT TO GO BACK TO THOSE ORIGINAL SOURCES.

THE GENEVA BIBLE HAS A LOT OF FASCINATING FEATURES, SO IT WAS THE FIRST ENGLISH BIBLE THAT USED CHAPTER AND VERSE DIVISIONS AS YOU CAN SEE HERE.

IT USED A ROMAN TYPE FACE, WHICH WAS VERY LEGIBLE.

AND IT WAS DEFINITELY A BOOK MADE READABLE AND MADE TO BE RED AT HOME.

SO MUCH IN LINE WITH THE PROTESTANT, THEY WANTED SOMETHING REALLY ACCESSIBLE TO PEOPLE.

IT INCLUDES A LOT OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS, YOU SEE A COUPLE OF DIAGRAMS HERE.

THIS IS IN THE BOOK OF EXODUS, SO WE HAVE A COUPLE OF DRAMAS OF DIFFERENT THINGS THAT ARE BEING DESCRIBED.

IN ALL OF THESE DRAMAS, THEY'RE MADE OF WOOD BLOCK PRINTS, SO THIS MEANS THAT THE WOOD, THE IMAGE WOULD BE CARVED INTO WOOD AND RELIEF, AND THEN IT COULD BE PRINTED ALONGSIDE THE TYPE.

THE OTHER THING ABOUT THE GENEVA BIBLE IS THAT IT WAS SMALL.

SO THE SMALL FORMAT MADE IT A BIT EASIER TO USE AS WELL.

THIS IS NOT SOMETHING THAT YOU WOULD SEE IN THE FRONT OF THE CHURCH.

BUT SOMETHING THAT YOU WOULD SEE IN SOMEONE'S HOME.

YOU CAN SEE -- MAYBE I'LL JUST FIND A PLACE TO STOP FOR A SECOND.

YOU CAN SEE THAT THE TEXT IS IN ENGLISH, BUT AT THIS TIME, THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IS STILL BEING STANDARDIZED AND SO WE SEE SOME LETTER FORMS THAT MIGHT NOT LOOK FAMILIAR AND ALSO A LOT OF SPELLS THAT ARE DIFFERENT, FOR EXAMPLE, WE SEE LAMB WITH A SILENT E AT THE END.

SO THERE ARE A LOT OF SILENT ES AT THIS TIME, AND GENERALLY, THE SPELLING IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT THAN WHAT WE WOULD EXPECT.

BUT IT'S REALLY READABLE.

IF YOU WOULD TAKE A MOMENT TO READ PART OF IT, YOU WOULD DEFINITELY BE ABLE TO READ T. AND IT MIGHT SOUND QUITE FAMILIAR, BECAUSE THE LANGUAGE OF THE GENEVA BIBLE WAS REFERENCED AND BORROWED FOR THE KING JAMES BIBLE, AND IT HAS GONE ON TO IMPACT A LOT OF OUR TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE, NOT JUST THE BIBLE ITSELF, BUT ALSO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE GENERALLY.

SO A LOT OF THE PHRASES COME FROM THE TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE.

WELL, THE WORK OF BIBLE MAKING CONTINUES, AND SO OF COURSE WE ALL KNOW ABOUT STANDARD BIBLES YOU CAN BUY ON AMAZON OR IN BOOK SHOPS.

THE BIG BIBLE MAKING PROJECTS STILL TAKE PLACE, SO IN OUR FINE PRESS COLLECTION, WE HAVE A NUMBER OF BEAUTIFUL BOOKS THAT ARE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE BIBLE OR PARTS OF THE BIBLE.

AND THE ONE I WANT TO SHOW YOU TODAY IS THE ST. JOHN'S BIBLE.

IT'S A VERY LARGE BOOK, AND BEAR WITH ME AS I GET THE CAMERA SET UP.

IT WILL JUST TAKE A MINUTE HERE.

OKAY, SO THE ST. JOHN'S BIBLE IS A MAJOR PROJECT THAT WAS STARTED IN 1998.

THIS IS A PROJECT THAT WAS COMMISSIONED BY THE ST. JOHN'S ABBY AND UNIVERSITY IN MINNESOTA.

YOU CAN SEE THIS.

IT'S SO LARGE, IT'S DIFFICULT TO GET IT ALL ON THE SCREEN, BUT I'LL TRY TO GET A LITTLE BIT MORE OF IT ON THE SCREEN TOO.

SO THIS IS A HUGE CONTRAST FROM THE MEDIEVAL BIBLE THAT WE WERE LOOKING AT.

SO IT WAS COMMISSIONED IN 1998 AND I WILL FLIP THROUGH AS I TALK ABOUT IT A LITTLE BIT.

FEEL FREE TO ENJOY SOME OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS AND WE'LL TRY TO ZOOM IN ON SOME OF THE TEXT IN A LITTLE BIT AS WELL.

THE CREATIVE DIRECTION OF THE BIBLE WAS BY DONALD JACKSON, WHO IS A CALLIGRAPHER IN WALES, AND HE AND HE AND ST. JOHN'S ABBY COMBINED THEIR EFFORTS ON THIS PROJECT.

AND BETWEEN HIM AND SIX OTHER CALLIGRAPHERS, THE PROJECTS TOOK BETWEEN THE YEAR 2,000 AND IT WAS FINISHED UP IN 2011.

THE SIX CALLIGRAPHERS ADDED THE TEXT, AND SO DONALD JACKSON ADDED THE TEXT, AND SO THOUGH THERE WERE LOTS WORKING ON IT, THEY WERE ABLE TO USE THE CONSISTENCY FROM PAGE TO PAGE.

IN ADDITION, THERE WERE SIX ARTISTS WHO WORKED ON THE PROJECT.

SO YOU CAN SEE THE BEAUTIFUL PAGES OF ILLUSTRATION, SOME TEXT BASED AND SOME THAT ARE NOT.

THE ORIGINAL OF THE ST. JOHN'S BIBLE WAS WRITTEN ON PARCHMENT.

AND IT WAS WRITTEN USING FEATHERED QUILLS, SO THE ONE I SHOWED YOU EARLIER WAS A QUICKLY THAT WAS GIVEN TO US BY DONALD JACKSON.

THIS COPY THAT WE'RE LOOKING AT CALLED THE HERITAGE EDITION, AND THE HERITAGE EDITION OF THE ST. JOHN'S BIBLE IS A FINALLY ART REPRODUCTION, AND IT WAS MADE USING THE MOST ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AT THE TIME FOR PRINTING.

SO THEY PRINTED ON HANDMADE COTTON PAPER, AND USED A PRINTING TECHNOLOGY THAT WE HAVE UTILIZED ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT TO DRY THE INK, AND SO IT WAS SIGNIFICANT IN CONTRAST TO THE MAKING OF THE ORIGINAL, THE MAKING OF THE HERITAGE EDITION WAS TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED.

BUT AT THE SAME TIME, IT ALSO INVOLVED A LOT OF HANDIWORK, SO THE GOLD OIL IS EMBOSSED, AND IN SOME CASES IT HAS BEEN MANIPULATED TO HAVE A CERTAIN SHEEN TO MATCH THE ORIGINAL.

SO A LOT OF WORK WENT INTO THIS.

THE TRANSITION THAT'S USED IS THE REVIVED STANDARD VERSION OF THE BIBLE.

AND WILL ONE OF THE THINGS THAT YOU MIGHT KNOW, THE RED AND BLUE FLAGS WHICH KIND OF MIMIC THE RED AND BLUE THAT YOU OFTEN SEE IN MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS, AND THESE INDICATE PARAGRAPH BREAKS, AND SO IN THE NEW REVIVED STANDARD VERSION OF THE BIBLE, THERE ARE PARAGRAPH BREAKS, BUT IN MAKING THE ST. JOHN'S BIBLE, THEY WANTED TO MAINTAIN THIS LOOK OF THE TWO COLUMNS FROM MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPT BIBLES, SO THEY COMPROMISED AND USED THE PLATES AS A WAY TO INDICATE PARAGRAPH BREAKS.

SO I'M GOING TO GO AHEAD AND STOP THE SHARE, AND THIS CONCLUDES THE PRESENTATION PART OF OUR PROGRAM.

BUT WE DO HAVE TIME FOR Q-AND-A.

SO PLEASE FEEL FREE TO PUT YOUR QUESTIONS IN THE CHAT.

AND WE'LL TRY TO ANSWER AS MANY AS WE CAN.

I'M GOING TO TURN IT OVER TO JEFF BOWEN NOW, MY COLLEAGUE WHO IS THE DIRECTOR FOR LIBRARY PROGRAMMING AND HE'LL BE FACILITATING THE Q-AND-A.

>> OKAY, WE HAVE A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS ALREADY COME IN.

THE FIRST IS ABOUT ACQUISITIONS.

HOW DID PEPPERDINE ACQUIRE THESE MATERIALS?

>> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.

THANK YOU SO MUCH.

SO THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS THAT PEPPERDINE ACQUIRES OUR RARE MATERIALS.

BUT IN PARTICULAR, WHEN IT COMES TO OUR BIBLES, MANY, MANY OF THEM HAVE BEEN DONATED TO US, AND IN PARTICULAR A LOT OF THEM, INCLUDING AT LEAST THREE OF THE ONES I'VE SHOWN YOU TODAY, HAVE BEEN DONATED TO US BY MARTIN CHRISTIANSON SR., AND HE WAS A FRIEND AND COLLEAGUE OF PEPPERDINE, WHO WAS A FOUNDER OF PEPPERDINE UNIVERSITY.

AND MARTIN CHRISTIANSON HAD A FANTASTIC COLLECTION OF RARE AND HISTORIC BIBLES AND HIS DONATIONS TO PEPPERDINE TOOK PLACE OVER SEVERAL DECADES, BEGINNING WITH THE VERY EARLY DAYS AGO OF THE SCHOOL, AND INCLUDING UP TO I KNOW IN 1970, HE DONATED THE LIBRARY'S 10,000TH BOOK, AND THOSE FORMED THE CORE OF OUR HISTORIC BIBLES COLLECTION, BUT I WOULD SAY THAT MARTIN CHRISTIANSON'S DONATIONS FORMED THE CORE OF OUR RARE BOOKS COLLECTION.

SO WE'RE GRATEFUL TO HIM FOR HIS GENEROUS DONATIONS.

IN PARTICULAR I KNOW THAT THE SCROLL, THE GENEVA BIBLE, AND THE CODEX ALL CAME FROM HIS COLLECTIONS AS WELL AS MANY MANY MORE BIBLES.

AND THEN AS FAR AS SOME OF THE OTHER ITEMS, YOU KNOW, A LOT OF OUR ITEMS COME THROUGH DONATION AND SOME COME THROUGH STRATEGIC ACQUISITIONS, SO FOR EXAMPLE, THE ST. JOHN'S BIBLE IS ONE THAT WE KNEW WE WANTED TO ACQUIRE.

AND WE FELT LIKE IT WAS SO APPROPRIATE FOR PEPPERDINE AND WOULD BE SO USEFUL TO OUR COMMUNITY HERE.

AND SO WE HAD I BELIEVE ABOUT FOUR DONORS STEP UP AND MAKE THE PURCHASE OF THE ST. JOHN'S BIBLE TO GIVE TO THE UNIVERSITY.

>> ANOTHER ATTENDEE ASKS, COULD YOU TALK ABOUT WHEN AND HOW IN THE FUTURE WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO COME TO PEPPERDINE TO SEE THESE SELECTIONS?

>> THAT IS SUCH A GOOD QUESTION.

SO I CAN'T SAY MUCH ABOUT THE WHEN.

BUT WE HOPE SOON OF COURSE, AND WE WOULD ABSOLUTELY LOVE TO HAVE ANYONE COME AND SEE THESE MATERIALS, SO WE'RE LOCATED IN PAYSON LIBRARY, AND OUR COLLECTIONS ARE HERE TO BE USED.

SO WE REALLY ENCOURAGE OUR STUDENTS TO SEE THE COLLECTIONS AND OUR FACULTY AND STAFF AS WELL AS MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC.

OUR STUDENTS, I WOULD SAY PRIMARILY USE OUR COLLECTIONS THROUGH OUR CLASSES, AND EITHER THEY COME WITH A CLASS VISIT WITH THEIR PROFESSOR, WHICH RIGHT NOW IS ALL VIRTUAL.

BUT SOMEDAY SOON WE'LL BE IN PERSON, AND SOMETIMES THEY HAVE PROJECTS THAT REQUIRE YOU USE THE SPECIAL COLLECTIONS THAT WILL COME BACK AND DO MORE ADVANCED RESEARCH IN SPECIAL COLLECTIONS HERE, BUT WE CERTAINLY HAVE RESEARCHERS FROM AROUND THE WORLD COME TO USE OUR COLLECTIONS AND FROM OUR OWN COMMUNITY.

AND ONCE WE ARE OPENED UP, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CONTACT US, AND WE WOULD LOVE TO SHOW THESE MATERIALS TO ANYONE WITH AN INTEREST.

>> ANOTHER PERSON ASKS, IF YOU COULD SEE AND TOUCH ANY HISTORIC BIBLE THAT YOU HAVE NOT YET ENCOUNTERED PERM, MELISSA, WHAT BIBLE WOULD IT BE?

>> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.

WELL, I LOVE THE GENEVA, IF YOU CAN TELL, I THINK THE GENEVA BIBLE IS A FANTASTIC BIBLE AND I FEEL REALLY LUCKY TO BE ABLE TO WORK WITH THAT ONE.

I THINK THE GUTENBERG BIBLE IS PRETTY REMARKABLE.

AND I'VE BEEN ABLE TO SEE THE GUTENBERG BIBLE A COUPLE OF TIMES.

THERE'S ONE IN HUNTINGTON, WHICH IS LOCAL TO PEPPERDINE, AND THAT'S A WONDERFUL PLACE TO SEE IT, BUT SEEING IT BEHIND GLASS IS DIFFERENT THAN USING IT, SO IT WOULD BE FANTASTIC TO LOOK AT IT UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL.

>> ANOTHER ATTENDEE ASKS, WHY DO WE ONLY HAVE ONE LEAF OF THE MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPT AS OPPOSED TO AN ENTIRE BOOK.

>> THIS LEAF THAT I SHARED CAN YOU COMES FROM A PORTFOLIO BY A SCHOLAR NAMED AUTO IGGY, AND HE WAS WORKING IN THE MID 20TH CENTURY, AND ONE THING THAT HE WANTED TO DO, HE CREATED PORTFOLIOS WHERE HE CREATED MANUSCRIPTS AND BROKE THEM INTO PIECES AND SHARED THE LEAVES OF THESE PORTFOLIOS.

SO THAT'S WHERE THIS COMES FROM, AND THE FIELD OF SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND THE MANUSCRIPT WORLD CERTAINLY DOES NOT APPRECIATE BOOK BREAKING AND THAT'S NOT SOMETHING THAT IS ENCOURAGED BY ANY MEANS, AND SOME OF THE THINGS THAT ARE DIFFICULT WITH JUST ONE LEAF, IT CAN BE DIFFICULT TO GET A LOT OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE BOOK.

SO THE ONE WE LOOKED AT TODAY, WE CAN SEE THE CHAPTER NUMBERS, BUT NOTHING ABOUT THE OWNER'S DESCRIPTION, OR OTHER CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION THAT WOULD HELP US UNDERSTAND THE BIBLE OR THE MANUSCRIPT.

BUT ONE THING THAT'S TRULY WONDERFUL, IN THIS DIGITAL AGE, MORE AND MORE INSTITUTIONS ARE DIGITIZING THEIR MANUSCRIPTS AND THEY'RE ABLE TO DIGITALLY RECREATE SOME OF THE MANUSCRIPTS IN THE PAST.

SO IN PARTICULAR, BECAUSE AUTO IGGY IS SO INFAMOUS AS A BOOK PORTFOLIO MAKER, A LOT OF UNIVERSITIES HAVE HIS PORTFOLIOS, AND AS THEY DIGITIZE THEM, WE CAN CREATE THE MANUSCRIPT ONLINE, WHICH IS AN INCREDIBLE OPPORTUNITY.

>> I HAD ANOTHER QUESTION JUST POP UP.

WHICH HISTORIC BIBLE THAT PEPPERDINE OWNS DID YOU ENJOY SHOWING AND TEACHING THE STUDENTS THE MOST.

>> FOR ME, THAT'S DEFINITELY THE GENEVA BIBLE.

AND I THINK WHAT I LIKE ABOUT THE GENEVA BIBLE, IT HAS A LOT OF IMPLICATIONS FOR A LOT OF DIFFERENT SUBJECT AREAS, SO IT'S OF GREAT INTEREST TO RELIGION STUDENTS, BUT ALSO BECAUSE OF THE WOOD BLOCK PRINTS, AND IT'S IMPORTANT IN TERMS OF HISTORY AND HISTORY OF PRINTING METHODOLOGIES AND ALSO BECAUSE OF ITS ROLE AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, IT'S IMPORTANT FOR ENGLISH STUDENTS TO SEE.

BUT WITH THAT SAID, WE HAVE A NUMBER OF OTHER EARLY PRINTED BIBLES THAT I THINK ARE REALLY FASCINATING.

ONE ACTUALLY, I THINK I MIGHT HAVE IT HERE S. A LITTLE SULTER AND THIS IS ONE OF MY CURRENT FAVORITE BOOKS, IT'S REALLY TINY AND IT'S JUST THE BOOK OF PSALMS IN VERSE, BUT IT'S A LOVELY LITTLE MINIATURE BOOK, AND IT HAS A LOT OF GREATANO TAKINGS IN IT, AND OTHER THINGS THAT MAKE IT REALLY INTERESTING.

>> THAT'S IT FOR QUESTIONS UNLESS SOMEONE HAS ANY FINAL QUESTIONS THEY WANT TO THROW IN THE CHAT BOX IN THE NEXT FEW SECONDS.

OKAY, WELL, I THINK WE CAN WRAP UP NOW UNLESS MELISSA, DO YOU HAVE ANY FINAL THOUGHTS THAT YOU WANT TO SHARE?

>> NO, JUST THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH FOR COMING AND HOPEFULLY YOU'LL BE ABLE TO SEE THESE MATERIALS IN PERSON SOON >> AND I WANT TO SAY THAT WE HAVE SEVERAL EVENTS COMING UP IN APRIL, OTHER COLLECTIONS, THAT ONE IS ON MALIBU TILES, AND THAT'S PRESENTED BY KELSEY KNOX, AND THAT'S ON APRIL 26TH AT 3 P.M.. AND YOU CAN GO TO THE WEBSITE FOR THESE.

MELISSA, THANK YOU SO MUCH.

AND IT HAS BEEN A PLEASURE LEARNING ABOUT HISTORIC BIBLES AND TO OUR ATTENDEES, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY AND LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU AT FUTURE