>> THE NEVADA DEMOCRACY PROJECT EXPLORES THE MODERN DAY IMPACTS OF REDLINING IN LAS VEGAS THIS WEEK ON "NEVADA WEEK."

>> SUPPORT FOR "NEVADA WEEK" IS PROVIDED BY SENATOR WILLIAM H. HERNSTADT.

>> WELCOME TO A NEVADA DEMOCRACY PROJECT EDITION OF "NEVADA WEEK."

I'M AMBER RENEE DIXON OF VEGAS PBS.

>> I'M NAOKA FOREMAN OF THE THE NEVADA INDEPENDENT.

THE NEVADA DEMOCRACY PROJECT IS A PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN OUR TWO ORGANIZATIONS, AND TOGETHER WE'RE HOLDING COMMUNITY LISTENING SESSIONS TO FIND OUT WHAT WE SHOULD BE REPORTING ON.

>> WE HELD OUR FIRST LISTENING SESSION AT THE WEST LAS VEGAS LIBRARY WHERE RESIDENTS TOLD US THAT REDLINING, A DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICE OUTLAWED IN 1968, IS STILL HURTING THEM.

>> MY NAME IS CHANDLER COOKS.

I WAS BORN AND RAISED IN THIS COMMUNITY.

I'M 29 YEARS OLD.

I WANTED TO MENTION ONE THING MR. COLLINS SAID EARLIER WAS THE GIFT OF EXPOSURE.

THAT REALLY HIT HOME FOR ME BECAUSE WE NEED THAT AS A YOUNGER GENERATION BECAUSE WE'RE GOING THROUGH A DIFFERENT WAY OF LIFE THAN YOU ALL DID COMING HERE IN HISTORIC WEST SIDE.

MY FATHER, MY GRANDMOTHER, MY UNCLES, AUNTS, THEY WERE ABLE TO WORK A SINGLE JOB, PURCHASE A HOME, RAISE THEIR FAMILY, PUT MONEY ASIDE TO SEND THEIR CHILDREN TO SCHOOL.

I WAS A BYPRODUCT OF THAT UPCOMING.

BUT NOW HERE I AM, OUT OF SCHOOL, NEARLY $100,000 IN STUDENT LOAN DEBT.

I CAN'T AFFORD TO PURCHASE A HOME.

I CAN HARDLY AFFORD TO MAINTAIN A HOME THAT WILL ONE DAY BE INHERITED TO ME.

I LOOK THAT AS GENERATIONAL WEALTH.

MY GRANDMOTHER IS A PROPERTY OWNER ON JACKSON STREET.

BECAUSE OF THE REDLINING SHE ENDURED, THERE WAS NO INVESTMENT INTO THE PROPERTY.

NOW THAT I'M A PROPERTY MANAGER FOR HER AND THAT PROPERTY WILL COME TO ME, STILL, I'M IN DEBT MYSELF AND HOW WILL I BE ABLE TO MAINTAIN BOTH OF THESE THINGS.

SO THE TRICKLE DOWN, THE FALL-OUT EFFECT FROM THE REDLINING IS AFFECTING THE NEXT GENERATION.

IT'S MAKING THOSE OPPORTUNITIES FAR LESS REACHABLE.

THE FREEDOM HAS BEEN CUT OFF.

>> TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW REDLINING IS IMPACTING CHANDLER COOKS, WE VISITED HIM AND HIS GRANDMOTHER AT ONE OF THE PROPERTIES HE'S EXPECTED TO INHERIT.

THAT STORY IS AHEAD, BUT LET'S FIRST DEFINE WHAT REDLINING IS.

>> FOR THAT WE SPOKE WITH RICHARD AND LEAH ROTHSTEIN.

RICHARD ROTHSTEIN WROTE THE THE COLOR OF LAW: A FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF HOW OUR GOVERNMENT SEGREGATED AMERICA, WHILE HE AND HIS DAUGHTER, LEAH ROTHSTEIN, CO-WROTE, JUST ACTION: HOW TO CHALLENGE SEGREGATION ENACTED UNDER THE COLOR OF LAW.

>> REDLINING IS A VERY LOOSE TERM.

AND WHAT IT GENERALLY REFERS TO IS THE RELUCTANCE OF BANKS AND REALTORS AND DEVELOPERS TO PROVIDE HOUSING FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS IN LOW-INCOME SEGREGATED NEIGHBORHOODS BECAUSE IN THE 1930S, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DREW MAPS AND COLORED LOW-INCOME AREAS IN PARTICULAR THOSE OCCUPIED BY AFRICAN AMERICANS RED.

SO THAT'S WHERE THE TERM REDLINING COMES FROM.

BUT THE MAPS THEMSELVES DIDN'T SEGREGATE ANYBODY.

IT WAS THE RELUCTANCE OF BANKS, REALTORS, DEVELOPERS TO SERVE AFRICAN AMERICANS IN SEGREGATED LOW-INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS.

IT SOMETIMES IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE GENERAL POLICY OF ALSO REFUSING TO SERVE AFRICAN AMERICANS IN WHITE NEIGHBORHOODS BECAUSE THE ONLY PLACE REALTORS WOULDN'T SELL TO AFRICAN AMERICANS IN WHITE NEIGHBORHOODS.

AND THEREFORE BANKS WOULDN'T HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEND TO THEM.

>> I WAS JUST GOING TO ADD THE VAGUE TERM OF REDLINING IS OFTEN USED TO ENCOMPASS A LOT OF POLICIES THAT WERE ENACTED BY FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO NOT ONLY DETERMINE WHERE AFRICAN AMERICANS COULD GET LOANS AND ACQUIRE HOUSING, BUT THEN WHAT THOSE NEIGHBORHOODS LOOKED LIKE.

SO IT'S OFTEN USED TO ENCOMPASS ALL OF THE POLICIES THAT THEN MADE AFRICAN AMERICAN NEIGHBORHOODS AREAS OF LOWER RESOURCE AND LIKE LESS INVESTMENT, FEWER GOVERNMENT SERVICES, CLOSER TO INDUSTRIAL POLLUTING COMPANIES AND FACTORIES, CLOSER TO FREEWAYS.

>> WHEN THE ROTHSTEINS REFER TO REDLINING AS A LOOSE AND VAGUE TERM WE FOUND IT TO BE TRUE IN THE CASE OF CHANDLER COOKS AND HIS GRANDMOTHER ERNESTEN COOKS.

>> WHILE ERNESTEN TOLD US SHE HAD NO PROBLEM GETTING LOANS TO BUY HOMES ON THE WEST SIDE, THAT BROADER TERM OF REDLINING INCLUDING LESS INVESTMENT AND FEWER GOVERNMENT SERVICES WOULD CERTAINLY IMPACT HER AND HER FAMILY.

>> THIS IS MY DAUGHTER THAT'S ON HER WAY.

SHE DON'T BELIEVE YET BECAUSE I TOLD HER I'M GOING TO BE A STAR.

I'M GOING TO BE ON THE NEWS.

>> ERNESTEN COOKS SAYS SHE BEGAN BUYING HOMES ON LAS VEGAS'S WEST SIDE IN THE 1950S.

>> A PLACE WHERE I HAVE MY FAMILY SO I DIDN'T HAVE TO BE MOVING AROUND BECAUSE IT WAS HARD FOR BLACK PEOPLE AT THAT PARTICULAR TIME TO GET SOMEWHERE.

YOU COULD ONLY LIVE IN THIS AREA.

>> BECAUSE OF SEGREGATION, THE WEST SIDE IS WHERE ALL AFRICAN AMERICANS IN LAS VEGAS HAD TO LIVE IN THE '50s AND '60s.

THE AREA LACKED SERVICES LIKE STREETLIGHTS AND PAVED ROADS.

A PROBLEM THAT'S PERSISTED, SAYS ERNESTEN GRANDSON CHANDLER.

>> THIS ROAD WAS JUST RECENTLY DEVELOPED.

BUT HOW LONG HAS IT BEEN IN NEED OF CARE?

HOW LONG HAS MANY OF THE STREETS IN THIS AREA BEEN IN NEED OF CARE?

SO I THINK REDLINING PLAYED A PART IN THAT AS WELL.

>> STILL, SIGNS OF PROGRESS CAN BE SEEN AND HEARD.

RENOVATIONS ARE UNDERWAY RIGHT NEXT DOOR TO ERNESTEN ON A PROPERTY CHANDLER SAID HAS SAT DORMANT FOR 16 YEARS.

>> FOR A PROPERTY NEXT DOOR THAT BEING DORMANT FOR 16 YEARS, YOU'RE NOT GOING TO FIND SOMETHING LIKE THAT IN THE RANCHOVILLE AREA.

YOU'RE NOT GOING TO FIND SOMETHING LIKE THAT IN MORE UPGROWING AND PROMINENT AREAS OF THE CITY.

SO THAT AND VACANT LANDS, ALL OF THAT LOWERS PROPERTY VALUE.

>> LOWERING THE VALUE ON A PROPERTY THAT HE'S SET TO INHERIT FROM HIS GRANDMOTHER, THIS FOUR-PLEX AND THREE BEDROOM HOUSE NEARBY HE SAID ARE BOTH IN NEED OF RENOVATIONS BUT WITH $100,000 OF STUDENT LOAN DEBT, HE JUST CAN'T AFFORD IT.

>> SO I'LL JUST HAVE TO BE INNOVATIVE IN HOW WE WOULD ACCESS CAPITAL TO BE ABLE TO IMPROVE THE BUILDING.

BUT WE'RE WARRIORS.

MY GRANDMOTHER HAS BEEN HERE FOR A LONG TIME.

SHE'S MAINTAINED THIS BUILDING TO THE TEE.

SO I'M GOING TO FOLLOW IN HER FOOTSTEPS.

>> HERE NOW TO FURTHER HELP US UNDERSTAND THE MODERN DAY IMPACTS OF REDLINING ARE SHANTA PATTON-GOLAR, DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTOR BROKERS, AND JENNIFER YOUNG, DIRECTOR OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AT UNLV'S KIRK KERKORIAN MEDICAL SCHOOL.

THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

I WANT TO START WITH YOU SHANTA AND THAT STORY WE JUST WATCHED.

WHAT'S MISSING FROM IT?

WHAT MIGHT NEED TO BE FURTHER EXPLAINED?

>> I THINK IT ENCOMPASSES SO MUCH.

THE BLACK HISTORY IS SO RICH.

AND A LOT OF WHAT WE FORGET IS HOW WE GOT HERE.

AND RICHARD DID A GREAT JOB OF EXPLAINING THAT IN HIS BOOK.

BUT WHAT WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE SAME GOVERNMENT THAT ATTEMPTED TO SAVE US AND HELP US ALONG IS THE SAME GOVERNMENT THAT SUPPRESSED US ALONG THE WAY.

>> HOW SO?

>> SO ONE OF THE THINGS IS WHEN IT COMES TO APPRAISALS.

SO THERE'S ONLY CERTAIN PEOPLE WHO CAN BECOME AN APPRAISER, BUT IT REALLY STOPS BLACK PEOPLE WHO WANT TO BECOME APPRAISERS FROM BEING ABLE TO DO SO.

SINCE WHEN IT'S SAID AND DONE, YOU NEED TO BE AN INTERN FOR AN APPRAISER, BUT THE MAJORITY OF ALL APPRAISERS ARE WHITE MEN.

AND IN ORDER TO DO THAT, THEY NEED TO BE ABLE TO TAKE YOU ON.

SO IT'S A ROADBLOCK FOR A LOT OF BLACK PEOPLE AND BLACK PROFESSIONALS WHO WANT TO GET INTO THAT FIELD.

THAT TYPICALLY WILL BRING US DOWN TO THE PART WHERE WE ARE BUYING HIGH IN COMMUNITIES BUT WE ARE SELLING LOW BECAUSE OF APPRAISAL BIAS.

>> AND YOU HAVE TO EXPLAIN APPRAISAL BIAS?

>> SO TYPICALLY APPRAISAL BIAS IS WHEN APPRAISERS WILL COME IN AND THEY WILL VALUE BLACK HOMES IN BLACK COMMUNITIES LOWER THAN THEY WOULD FOR A WHITE COMMUNITY.

AND THAT FOLLOWS WITH THE TREND OF REDLINING AS WELL.

>> ALL RIGHT.

OKAY.

AND JENNIFER, CAN YOU SPEAK TO HOW REDLINING IMPACTS ONE'S HEALTH.

>> SURE.

ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE CAN CERTAINLY SEE RIGHT NOW IS WE THINK ABOUT SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH.

AND SO ACCORDING TO THE CDC, THE DEFINITION IS SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH ARE THE THINGS THAT THE PLACE WHERE THE ENVIRONMENT AND CONDITIONS WHERE WE LIVE, WORK AND PLAY.

SO THINKING ABOUT THAT, THINKING ABOUT OUR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, OUR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT, OUR SOCIAL MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT AS SUCH, ACCESS TO FOOD.

SAFETY.

SOCIAL CONTEXT AND THEN YOUR HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS.

SO AS WE SAW IN SOME OF THE SEGMENTS, IF YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT AN AREA, GEOGRAPHICAL REGION THAT HAS DISINVESTMENT OR HAS NOT BEEN INVESTED IN OVER TIME, AS WE THINK ABOUT GENERATIONAL WEALTH BUILDING UP.

IF YOU'VE HAD DISADVANTAGES AND THERE'S NO INVESTMENT COMING IN, THESE THINGS BECOME CONCENTRATED.

SO ALL OF THESE THINGS HAVE AN IMPACT ON PEOPLE'S HEALTH OUTCOMES.

>> OKAY.

AND CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE LINK BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND REDLINING, SOMETHING THAT CAME UP IN OUR CONVERSATION.

>> SURE.

A STUDY CAME OUT THIS SUMMER, AND IT WAS PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN -- BY THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

AND WHAT'S REALLY GREAT ABOUT THE STUDY IS THAT THE SAMPLE SIZE IS 80,000 VETS WHO ACCESS THE VA SYSTEM.

SO IT'S A REALLY GREAT STUDY BECAUSE IT KIND OF HAS A POPULATION THAT HAD HEALTHCARE ACCESS.

NOW, WHAT THEY FOUND IS, IN LOOKING AT THESE VETERANS WHO HAD CARDIOVASCULAR ISSUES SUCH AS STROKE OR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, WHAT THEY WERE ABLE TO SEE WERE THAT VETERANS WHO WERE LIVING IN TYPICALLY HISTORICALLY REDLINED AREAS HAD HIGHER RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SUCH AS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, HYPERTENSION.

DIABETES, AND ALSO THEN AN INCREASE FACTOR AND RISK FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ITSELF.

>> FOR SOME PEOPLE WHO MAY BE STRUGGLING TO UNDERSTAND THE CONNECTION, CAN YOU BREAK IT DOWN HOW ONE'S ENVIRONMENT CAN LEAD THEM TO NOT BEING AS HEALTHY AS SOMEONE WHO LIVES SOMEWHERE ELSE?

>> SURE, ABSOLUTELY.

WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT YOUR ENVIRONMENT, AND JUST THE CONDITIONS IN WHICH WE LIVE, WORK AND PLAY, THINKING ABOUT GREEN SPACE, THINKING ABOUT IF YOU'RE LIVING SOMEWHERE CLOSE TO POLLUTANTS, SUCH AS A FREEWAY OR INDUSTRIAL AREA, TRAIN TRACKS AS SUCH, IF YOU DON'T HAVE TRANSPORTATION, HEAVY RELIANCE ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION.

THOSE THINGS IMPACT YOUR SOCIAL MOBILITY AS WELL IF YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT YOUR ECONOMIC STABILITY.

IF YOU ARE LIVING SOMEWHERE THAT HAS DISINVESTMENT, THERE MAY NOT BE A MAJOR GROCERY STORE.

THERE MAY BE SOME RESTRICTIONS OR ACCESS TO HEALTHY FOODS.

SO WE ALWAYS THINK ABOUT, SAY, THIS TERM FOOD DESERT.

BUT THERE'S ANOTHER TERM FOOD SWAMPS.

PERHAPS THERE'S A LOT OF FOOD PRESENT BUT IT MAY BE FAST FOOD, MAY NOT BE HEALTHY OPTIONS.

SO THINGS LIKE THIS ALL COMPACT OVER TIME AND THEY DO IMPACT PEOPLE'S ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE BUT ALSO THEIR HEALTH OUTCOMES.

>> BACK TO WHAT YOU WERE TALKING ABOUT WITH THE BIAS IN APPRAISALS.

WHEN WE HAD SPOKE ON THE PHONE PRIOR TO THIS INTERVIEW, YOU MENTIONED THE EFFORTS YOU GO TO WHEN YOU ARE SELLING THE HOME OF AN AFRICAN AMERICAN FAMILY AND THEY WERE SHOCKING TO ME.

WOULD YOU EXPLAIN TO ME WHAT YOU DO TO OUR VIEWERS.

>> IT'S ACTUALLY A TERM CALLED WHITEWASHING.

ESSENTIALLY WE WHITEWASH THE HOMES.

SO WE REMOVE ALL ASPECTS THAT WOULD GIVE AN APPRAISER AN INDICATION THAT SOMEONE BLACK LIVED IN THIS HOME.

THAT MIGHT MEAN REMOVING BLACK ART, BLACK FAMILY PHOTOS.

IT COULD BE BOOKS ON THE SHELVES.

IT ENCOMPASSES WHAT YOU CALL A HOME, WE WOULD LITERALLY TAKE THAT FROM BEING A HOME AND TURN IT INTO A HOUSE IN ORDER TO SECURE THEIR EQUITY IN A PROPERTY.

>> WHY IS THAT NECESSARY?

>> WELL, I THINK THAT COMES BACK TO APPRAISERS BEING PREDOMINANTLY OLDER WHITE MEN, WHICH CAN TYPICALLY COME WITH SOME SORT OF BIAS.

AND OUR JOB IS THE BEST WE CAN DO IS TO TRY TO PREPARE THE HOME TO LOOK LESS LIKE THERE'S SOMEONE BLACK THERE TO COMBAT WHAT WE CAN DO.

THERE'S POLICIES AND ALL SORTS OF THINGS THAT NEED TO BE FIXED, BUT FROM THE STANDPOINT OF A REAL ESTATE AGENT, WHAT WE CAN DO IS TO TRY TO REMOVE THE CULTURE ESSENTIALLY OUT OF THE HOME SO THAT THERE'S NO INDICATION ONE WAY OR THE OTHER WHAT TYPE OF FAMILY LIVES THERE.

>> SHANTA, THAT CAN'T SIT WELL WITH YOU.

>> IT DOES NOT.

IT DOES NOT.

BUT THERE'S BEEN SUCH A LOSS IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY BECAUSE OF APPRAISAL BIAS AND ALL OUT DISCRIMINATION THAT WE HAVE TO DO WHAT WE CAN DO TO PRESERVE THAT EQUITY BECAUSE THAT IS THE SAME EQUITY THAT WILL BE USED TO SEND KIDS TO COLLEGE.

THAT WILL BE USED TO OPEN NEW BUSINESSES, BECOME ENTREPRENEURS.

SO THERE'S SUCH A BIGGER PICTURE AND THERE'S SO MUCH IN A BLACK COMMUNITY THAT IS WEIGHED ON THEIR ABILITY TO GET A HOME AS WELL AS THEIR ABILITY TO SELL IT AT ITS HIGHEST DOLLAR.

>> THAT LEADS ME TO MY QUESTION FOR YOU, SHANTA, ABOUT GENERATIONAL WEALTH AND AFFORDING COLLEGE.

HOW DID THAT SHOW UP IN CHANDLER'S STORY WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT BUILDING GENERATIONAL WEALTH, TAKING EQUITY OUT AND PUTTING IT IN OTHER PLACES?

>> WELL, THAT COMES DOWN TO OUR WEALTH GAP.

AND SPECIFICALLY TO THE GAP BETWEEN BLACK HOME OWNERSHIP AND WHITE HOME OWNERSHIP.

AS OF 2022, OUR BLACK HOME OWNERSHIP RATE NATIONALLY IS AT 45%.

THAT'S JUST SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN IT WAS IN 1968, WHEN THE FAIR HOUSING ACT WAS PUT INTO PLACE.

AND IT'S ACTUALLY LOWER THAN THE 50% THAT WAS IN PLACE IN ABOUT 2003.

YOU CAN SEE WE DECLINED FROM THAT.

WE KNOW IN GENERAL NATIONWIDE HOME OWNERSHIP IS HOW PEOPLE BEGAN TO HAVE OTHER THINGS LIKE BUSINESSES AND BEING ABLE TO SEND THEIR KIDS TO COLLEGE.

NOW, WITHOUT US BEING ABLE TO HAVE THAT ASPECT, OUR CHILDREN HAVE THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF STUDENT LOANS AND SOMETIMES WILL SKIP COLLEGE ALTOGETHER BECAUSE THEY KNOW IT WOULD BE A BURDEN ON THEMSELVES OR THEIR FAMILY.

WE ALSO KNOW THAT THAT IS TYPICALLY A REASON WHY THEY CAN'T GET QUALIFIED FOR LOANS.

NOW, WHAT I WILL SAY IS A SMALL WIN IS BEFORE LENDERS WOULD HAVE TO ASSESS 1% OF WHATEVER THEIR LOAN AMOUNT WAS.

SO IF THEY HAD $100,000 IN STUDENT LOANS, THEY WOULD HAVE TO ASSESS 1% OF THAT TOWARDS A PAYMENT.

NOW THAT HAS BEEN REDUCED DOWN TO HALF.

SO, THOSE WHO COULD NOT AFFORD IT BECAUSE THEY WERE BEING DINGED A THOUSAND DOLLARS A MONTH FOR STUDENT LOAN, EVEN IF THEIR PAYMENT WAS ONLY $200, THEY WERE STILL REQUIRED TO HAVE A PAYMENT OF 1%.

THAT HAS NOW BEEN REDUCED TO HALF A PERCENT, AND THAT MAKES A MAJOR DIFFERENCE WHEN IT COMES TO BLACK MILLENNIALS WHO ARE PURCHASING THE MAJORITY OF HOMES BY BLACK PEOPLE.

IT HELPS THEM WHEN IT COMES TO STUDENT LOANS, JUST LIKE IT DID.

>> AND A FOLLOW-UP QUESTION.

HOW WAS CHANDLER'S SITUATION DIFFERENT FROM SOMEONE WHO MAY NOT BE INHERITING PROPERTY?

>> TYPICALLY, IN WHITE COMMUNITIES, THEY HAVE PLANS SET UP TO SEND THEIR KIDS TO COLLEGE, BUT THEY ALSO HAVE THE ABILITY TO PULL FROM THAT EQUITY TO DO SOMETHING LIKE THAT.

BUT IF YOU COME FROM A HOUSEHOLD THAT DOESN'T HAVE GENERATIONAL WEALTH THROUGH HOME OWNERSHIP, YOU'RE HAVING TO FIND OTHER OPPORTUNITIES TO DO THAT.

AND WHEN YOU BRING THAT BACK TO APPRAISAL BIAS, LIKE CHANDLER, WHO WOULD POTENTIALLY BE ABLE TO USE THE EQUITY IN THE HOME TO PAY OFF HIS STUDENT LOANS, BUT IF HIS APPRAISAL WAS COMING IN LOWER BECAUSE OF THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN THERE OR BECAUSE OF THE AREA, LIKE THE HISTORICAL WEST SIDE AREA, HE COULD BE GETTING FAR LESS FOR THE HOME EVEN IF HE WAS TO REFINANCE.

>> JENNIFER, I WANT TO GO BACK TO THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF REDLINING.

WE TALKED ABOUT THE LACK OF ACCESS TO GROCERY STORES, TO PARKS IN HISTORICALLY REDLINED NEIGHBORHOODS.

WHAT ABOUT ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE?

>> OH, THAT'S PRETTY SIGNIFICANT.

SO THIS BECOMES A BURDEN FOR THE RESIDENTS THAT LIVE THERE, THEY'RE TRAVELING FURTHER.

YOU'RE FURTHER FROM PROVIDERS WHO MAY KNOW WHAT YOUR SITUATION IS.

IT'S VERY IMPORTANT, I THINK, PARTICULARLY IN MEDICINE THAT PHYSICIANS HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT THEIR PATIENTS ARE GOING THROUGH, WHAT LIFE IS LIKE BEYOND THAT EXAM ROOM.

SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT HAVING HEALTHCARE THAT'S ACCESSIBLE RIGHT IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD, THIS MEANS THAT YOU'RE HAVING PROVIDERS THAT KNOW WHAT'S HAPPENING TO YOU AND KNOW WHAT YOUR LIFE IS LIKE WHEN YOU STEP OUTSIDE THAT DOOR.

SO QUICKLY, I THINK WE CAN OFTEN HEAR IN MEDICINE THAT PATIENTS ARE NONCOMPLIANT.

AND SO THINKING ABOUT INSTEAD OF NONCOMPLIANCE, THEY'RE UNABLE TO ADHERE.

AND IF MAYBE BECAUSE OF TRANSPORTATION OR LACK OF TRANSPORTATION, CHALLENGES WITH TRANSPORTATION.

IF SOMEONE IS WORKING A JOB THAT THEY MAY NOT HAVE THE TIME TO TAKE OFF WORK OR TAKING OFF WORK IS REALLY VERY COSTLY TO THEM, THEN ARE YOU GOING TO BE ABLE TO MAKE ALL THESE FOLLOW-UP APPOINTMENTS IF YOU HAVE A TRANSPORTATION ISSUE OR YOU DON'T HAVE YOUR OWN VEHICLE, ARE YOU THEN ON THE BUS FOR SEVERAL HOURS TO MAKE APPOINTMENTS, TO GO TO APPOINTMENTS.

EVEN PHARMACIES.

WHEN WE THINK ABOUT HEALTHCARE IN A LOT OF LOW-INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS, HAVING A PHARMACY THAT'S LOCAL IS CHALLENGING AS WELL.

ARE YOU THEN ABLE TO HAVE TO TAKE A SPECIAL TRIP JUST TO GET REFILLS ON MEDS, THAT MAY BE MONTHLY.

ONE OF THE THINGS WE TALKED ABOUT, PREVIOUSLY NAOKA AND I, TALKING ABOUT WHAT A BUS PASS COSTS.

A BUS PASS FOR A MONTH IS ABOUT 60 ODD DOLLARS.

BUT IF YOU DON'T HAVE IT, YOU DON'T HAVE IT.

IT'S A LOT OF MONEY.

BUT IT MAY BE CHEAPER THAN $2 A DAY.

BUT TAKING A BUS TAKES A LOT OF YOUR TIME THROUGHOUT THE DAY.

SO HAVING HEALTHCARE LOCALLY IS SIGNIFICANT.

>> SO AS PART OF THE CITY'S REVITALIZATION PLAN FOR THE HISTORIC WEST SIDE, THE 100 PLAN, THERE ARE PLANS FOR A HEALTHCARE CENTER, A WELLNESS CENTER.

RICHARD ROTHSTEIN, THOUGH, BROUGHT UP IN OUR INTERVIEW WITH HIM AN IMPORTANT POINT THAT I'D LIKE BOTH OF TO YOU RESPOND TO.

AND HE SAID, "WELL, THAT'S GREAT, A HEALTHCARE CENTER WILL CERTAINLY HELP.

HOWEVER, THEY'RE JUST GOING TO BE TREATING THE SYMPTOMS OF LIVING IN THAT NEIGHBORHOOD.

THE REAL SOLUTION IS WHEN YOU ARE GETTING PEOPLE TO MOVE TO HEALTHIER NEIGHBORHOODS."

IS THAT THE CASE, DO YOU THINK, JENNIFER?

>> I THINK IT'S A COMPOUND THING.

SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT I WOULD SAY CONCENTRATED DISADVANTAGE IS THE TERM I WOULD USE.

SO IF WE HAVE AN AREA THAT'S CONCENTRATED DISADVANTAGES, WHETHER IT BE LACK OF GROCERY STORE, TRANSPORTATION, HEALTHCARE ACCESS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, AS WE THINK ABOUT GENERATIONAL WEALTH BUILDING UP, WE THINK ABOUT THIS AND THE COMPLETE OTHER END.

IT GETS MORE CHALLENGING TO COME OUT OF THIS.

TO HIS POINT, I WOULD AGREE WITH HIM.

WHEN WE THINK ABOUT SPREADING THAT OUT THROUGHOUT A CITY AND WHEN YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT, SAY, ECONOMIC ABILITY, OPPORTUNITIES, EVEN EXPOSURE TO THINGS.

SO SHANTA COULD SPEAK MORE TO THIS, BUT AFFORDABLE HOUSING, BEING DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE CITY.

THINKING ABOUT OPPORTUNITY.

NOW, ON THE OTHER HAND, NOT EVERYONE CAN LEAVE THEIR NEIGHBORHOOD.

AND THIS DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE SHOULD BE GIVING UP ON NEIGHBORHOODS.

IT DOESN'T MEAN WE SHOULD CONTINUE DOWN THE ROAD TO DISINVESTMENT.

I THINK PLACES DO NEED TO HAVE THEIR OWN LOCAL GROCERY STORES AND THEIR OWN LOCAL HEALTHCARE ACCESS AND GOOD QUALITY PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION.

BUT SIMPLY HAVING PEOPLE LEAVE AND BE DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE CITY DOES NOTHING FOR THE PLACE THAT'S LEFT BEHIND AND THE RESIDENTS THERE.

>> SHANTA, WHAT DO YOU THINK?

>> I THINK IT WOULD BE VERY DISHEARTENING TO SAY TO MAKE IT OUT.

AND I KNOW WE'VE TALKED ABOUT THAT BEFORE ABOUT THE GOAL OF BLACK COMMUNITIES SOMETIMES IS JUST BEING ABLE TO MAKE IT OUT OF THAT COMMUNITY.

AS IF THE ONLY WAY FOR YOU TO LIVE HEALTHY, TO GAIN WEALTH, TO LIVE LIKE OTHERS IS TO COMPLETELY LEAVE THE NEIGHBORHOOD.

SO I THINK THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EQUALITY AND EQUITY BECAUSE JUST BECAUSE EVERY NEIGHBORHOOD HAS A GROCERY STORE DOES NOT MEAN THAT EVERY NEIGHBORHOOD'S GROCERY STORE IS EQUAL.

THAT'S WHY I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT THAT YOU FIX THE COMMUNITY AS WELL SO THAT NO MATTER WHERE YOU ARE IN YOUR LIFE, YOU HAVE THE ABILITY TO GET THE SAME THING WHETHER YOU LIVE IN SUMMERLIN OR THE HISTORIC WEST SIDE.

>> AND JENNIFER, I WANT TO TALK ABOUT THE MENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS OF REDLINING.

THERE'S RUMORS THAT PEOPLE ON THE WEST SIDE OR WHO HAVE ROOTS ON THE WEST SIDE MIGHT HAVE PTSD.

COULD YOU SPEAK TO THAT?

>> SO MENTAL HEALTH AND HISTORICALLY REDLINED AREAS IS DEFINITELY -- THERE IS SOME ALIGNMENT.

SO THERE'S SOME RESEARCH THAT'S COME OUT OF FAMILY MEDICINE.

THERE'S SOME RESEARCH THAT'S ALSO COME OUT OF BEHAVIORAL HEALTH LOOKING AT SPECIFICALLY AREAS THAT ARE HISTORICALLY REDLINED.

SO WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THESE AREAS, THESE ARE AREAS THAT MAY HAVE HIGH CRIME RATES.

WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT SOCIAL CONTEXT, YOU THINK ABOUT SAFETY, YOU THINK ABOUT COMMUNITY.

ARE THESE COMMUNITIES FRACTURED?

HAVE THESE COMMUNITIES BEEN EXPOSED TO OR ENDURED A LOT OF TRAUMA AND VIOLENCE.

EVEN AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVELS, HAVE MEMBERS IN THAT COMMUNITY BEEN EXPOSED TO A LOT OF TRAUMA AND VIOLENCE?

THEN YOU THINK ABOUT THE ACCESS TO BEHAVIORAL MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES.

SO WE ALL KNOW THAT NEVADA RANKS PRETTY LOW IN THIS AREA.

THIS IS A CHALLENGE FOR THE STATE AS A WHOLE.

BUT WHEN YOU START LOOKING AT AREAS WHERE FOLKS HAVE HEALTH DISPARITIES, WHERE FOLKS ARE IN HISTORICALLY REDLINED AREAS OR ARE LIVING IN CONCENTRATED AREAS OF DISADVANTAGE, THERE'S EVEN LESS ACCESS TO, ONE, PHYSICAL HEALTHCARE, BUT ALSO MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTHCARE AS WELL.

>> RUNNING OUT OF TIME.

COUPLE MORE QUESTIONS.

SHANTA, I WANT TO YOU EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF GENTRIFICATION ON REDLINED COMMUNITIES AND HOW MUCH IS THAT HAPPENING IN THE HISTORIC WEST SIDE.

>> IT'S HAPPENING A LOT.

AND THE PROBLEM WITH GENTRIFICATION IS IN ORDER TO RENOVATE, RESTORE AN AREA, THEY TYPICALLY WILL BRING IN -- I ALWAYS SAY AS SOON AS YOU SEE A STARBUCKS, GENTRIFICATION IS COMING BECAUSE THERE'S CERTAIN FAST FOODS AND THINGS IN THAT AREA THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO REVITALIZE IT.

BUT THE PROBLEM IS ONCE IT'S REVITALIZED, THE PRICES AND THE VALUE GO UP IN THAT AREA AND THEN IT DISPLACES PEOPLE'S GRANDMOTHERS, AND AUNTS AND UNCLES WHO HAVE LIVED THERE AND OWNED THEIR HOMES FOR 40 YEARS, IT DISPLACES THEM BECAUSE THEY CAN NO LONGER AFFORD TO LIVE IN THE AREA THAT THEY GREW UP IN.

>> AND YOU ALSO HAD TALKED TO ME ABOUT PEOPLE COMING IN BUYING HOMES AND THEN RENTING THEM BACK TO PEOPLE WHO LIVE THERE.

HOW DOES THAT WORK?

WHY WOULD THAT BE THE CASE?

>> SO A LOT OF TIMES, JUST AS HE HAD MENTIONED, THEY HAVE HOMES THAT THEY HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO MAINTAIN.

AND THE ISSUE WITH THAT IS NOW PREDATORY TO COME AND KNOCK ON A DOOR AND SAY, HEY, YOU WON'T EVEN NEED TO LEAVE.

WE'LL COME IN.

WE'LL BUY IT FROM YOU, GIVE YOU 10 OR $20,000 FOR TO YOU HAVE IT IN YOUR POCKET, AND WE WILL FIX IT UP FOR YOU.

AND YOU CAN RENT IT BACK.

NOW, WE JUST TOOK A HOMEOWNER WITH EQUITY, GENERATIONAL WEALTH, AND WE'VE NOW TAKEN THAT FROM THEM AND PUT THEM IN A SITUATION WHERE NOW THEY'RE JUST A RENTER.

>> WE COULD GO ON AND ON BUT WE'VE RUN OUT OF TIME.

NAOKA FOREMAN WILL HAVE EXTENDED COVERAGE IN THIS FOR THE NEVADA INDEPENDENT.

MEANWHILE, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR WATCHING AND FOR ANY OF THE RESOURCES DISCUSSED GO TO VEGASPBS.org/NEVADAWEEK.