line:85% position:25% size:60% >> PHILLIP A.

SHARP IS A line:85% position:33% size:70% NOBEL LAUREATE KNOWN FOR HIS line:85% position:44% size:78% GROUNDBREAKING RNA DISCOVERIES.

line:85% position:33% size:70% HE IS ALSO THE CO-FOUNDER OF line:85% position:21% size:53% ONE THE WORLD'S FIRST line:85% position:21% size:53% BIOTECH COMPANIES, AN line:85% position:31% size:68% INSTITUTE PROFESSOR AT MIT, line:85% position:17% size:43% AND A KENTUCKIAN.

line:85% position:18% size:45% THE BREADTH OF HIS line:85% position:18% size:45% ACCOMPLISHMENTS IS line:85% position:44% size:78% EXTRAORDINARY, BUT EVEN MORE SO line:85% position:33% size:70% IS HIS CONTINUING PURSUIT OF line:85% position:29% size:65% THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE line:85% position:15% size:33% IN OUR LIVES.

line:85% position:33% size:70% HEAR THE INCREDIBLE STORY OF line:85% position:27% size:63% HOW SHARP'S CURIOSITY AND line:85% position:31% size:68% DETERMINATION TOOK HIM FROM line:85% position:50% size:80% SELLING CALVES AS A CHILD IN THE line:85% position:25% size:60% FOOTHILLS OF KENTUCKY TO line:85% position:40% size:75% FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGING SCIENCE line:85% position:50% size:80% AND ITS IMPACT ON THE WORLD IN A line:85% position:27% size:63% CONVERSATION PRESENTED BY line:85% position:29% size:65% "KENTUCKY TO THE WORLD" ON line:85% position:16% size:38% MARCH 12, 2018. line:85% position:33% size:70% THIS PROGRAM IS MODERATED BY line:85% position:33% size:70% AWARD-WINNING SCIENCE WRITER line:85% position:15% size:35% JENNI LAIDMAN.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: WHEN YOU WERE line:85% position:29% size:65% SIX YEARS OLD YOUR PARENTS line:85% position:33% size:70% STARTED TALKING TO YOU ABOUT line:85% position:27% size:63% GOING TO COLLEGE, AND I'M line:85% position:44% size:78% WONDERING WHAT YOU THINK WAS IN line:85% position:44% size:78% YOUR PARENTS' HORIZONS THAT HAD line:85% position:24% size:58% THEM THINKING THAT WAY.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Phillip Sharp: I THINK MY line:85% position:40% size:75% PARENTS REALIZED THAT IF I WAS line:85% position:50% size:80% GOING TO HAVE A INTERESTING LIFE line:85% position:31% size:68% AND WAS GOING TO BE ABLE TO line:85% position:44% size:78% MAKE CONTRIBUTIONS, I NEEDED TO line:85% position:15% size:35% GO TO COLLEGE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% MY FATHER HAD A HIGH SCHOOL line:85% position:44% size:78% EDUCATION, AND MY MOTHER HAD AN line:85% position:24% size:58% EIGHTH GRADE EDUCATION.

line:85% position:40% size:75% SHE WAS IN THE COUNTRYSIDE AND line:85% position:44% size:78% THERE WAS REALLY NO WAY FOR HER line:85% position:29% size:65% TO GET TRANSPORTATION TO A line:85% position:14% size:30% HIGH SCHOOL.

line:85% position:44% size:78% THEY BOTH THOUGHT AND KNEW THAT line:85% position:36% size:73% A HIGHER EDUCATION WAS A VERY line:85% position:40% size:75% IMPORTANT STEP-STONE TO HAVING line:85% position:44% size:78% SOMEONE WHO COULD INTERACT WITH line:85% position:36% size:73% THE WORLD, AND APPRECIATE THE line:85% position:40% size:75% WORLD, AND MAKE CONTRIBUTIONS.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO THEY ENCOURAGED ME INTENSELY.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: DO YOU THINK line:85% position:33% size:70% THAT WAS SOMETHING THAT THEY line:85% position:27% size:63% WOULD'VE DONE THEMSELVES?

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: I'M SURE, BU·.

line:85% position:50% size:80% FOR SURE MY MOTHER WOULD BECAUSE line:85% position:40% size:75% SHE ALWAYS REGRETTED NOT BEING line:85% position:36% size:73% ABLE TO GO FORWARD IN SCHOOL.

line:85% position:31% size:68% MY FATHER AS WELL, BUT THEY line:85% position:36% size:73% PROBABLY RECOGNIZED THAT THEY line:85% position:27% size:63% HAD A PRETTY SERIOUS KID, line:85% position:22% size:55% EVEN AT SIX YEARS OLD.

line:85% position:14% size:30% [ LAUGHTER ] line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: AND YOU WERE line:85% position:29% size:65% SERIOUS, AND YOU INVESTED, line:85% position:40% size:75% IF I REMEMBER THE STORY RIGHT, line:85% position:33% size:70% GETTING PREPARED FOR COLLEGE line:85% position:44% size:78% INVOLVED A ROOSTER, A COW NAMED line:85% position:36% size:73% "BLACKIE," AND IN SOME SENSE, line:85% position:14% size:28% CIGARETTES.

line:85% position:44% size:78% DO YOU WANT TO TELL THAT STORY?

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp: OH, line:85% position:14% size:30% MY GOODNESS.

line:85% position:24% size:58% I'M A CANCER BIOLOGIST.

line:85% position:13% size:23% [LAUGHTER line:85% position:15% size:35% FROM AUDIENCE] line:85% position:44% size:78% MY PARENTS, WE BOUGHT A FARM -- line:85% position:33% size:70% THEIR FIRST AND ONLY FARM -- line:85% position:31% size:68% WHEN I WAS EIGHT YEARS OLD.

line:85% position:40% size:75% I WAS HELPING MY FATHER ON THE line:85% position:44% size:78% FARM AS I CAME HOME FROM SCHOOL line:85% position:18% size:45% AND IN THE SUMMER.

line:85% position:50% size:80% THEY DECIDED THAT TO ALLOW ME TO line:85% position:44% size:78% PAY FOR COLLEGE THAT THEY WOULD line:85% position:36% size:73% GIVE ME SOME SMALL ACREAGE OF line:85% position:40% size:75% TOBACCO, AND I WOULD HELP THEM line:85% position:29% size:65% HARVEST THE WHOLE CROP AND line:85% position:36% size:73% THEY'D GIVE ME THE MONEY FROM line:85% position:13% size:25% THAT CROP.

line:85% position:40% size:75% THEN WHEN I WAS SIX YEARS OLD, line:85% position:40% size:75% MY GRANDFATHER TOOK $16.75 AND line:85% position:44% size:78% BOUGHT A SMALL HEIFER CALF, AND line:85% position:17% size:43% THAT WAS BLACKIE.

line:85% position:44% size:78% EVERY YEAR WE MILKED FOR CREAM, line:85% position:36% size:73% AND THE CALF I OWNED AND THEN line:85% position:33% size:70% I SOLD AND SAVED THAT MONEY.

line:85% position:29% size:65% PUTTING ALL THAT TOGETHER, line:85% position:33% size:70% I STARTED SAVING FOR COLLEGE line:85% position:27% size:63% WHEN I WAS SIX YEARS OLD.

line:85% position:31% size:68% I WAS MOTIVATED BY THE TIME line:85% position:36% size:73% I GOT TO BE AN AGE TO LOOK AT line:85% position:14% size:30% FOR COLLEGE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% YOU HAVE TO DECIDE WHAT YOU HAVE line:85% position:17% size:40% RESOURCES TO DO.

line:85% position:33% size:70% SO I DROVE THE FAMILY CAR -- line:85% position:40% size:75% I DIDN'T TRY TO BUY A CAR WHEN line:85% position:17% size:40% I WAS IN SCHOOL.

line:85% position:31% size:68% IT WAS SOMETHING THAT I WAS line:85% position:17% size:43% FOCUSED ON DOING.

line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Jenni Laidman: YEAH.

line:85% position:33% size:70% BUT YOU SKIPPED THE ROOSTER.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: I SKIPPED THE line:85% position:40% size:75% ROOSTER BECAUSE WE WORKED WITH line:85% position:31% size:68% CHICKENS IN THE SUMMER, AND line:85% position:21% size:53% I GOT SOME RESOURCES· line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman: DIDN'T YOU line:85% position:29% size:65% HAVE A ROOSTER PIGGY BANK?

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YES!

line:85% position:50% size:80% OH I'M SORRY, THAT'S WHAT YOU'RE line:85% position:22% size:55% TALKING ABOUT, OH YES.

line:85% position:50% size:80% THAT'S A FAMILY ISSUE STILL WITH line:85% position:17% size:40% MY OLDER SISTER.

line:85% position:44% size:78% I HAD THIS LITTLE PIGGY BANK -- line:85% position:27% size:63% AND I WAS A LITTLE GUY -- line:85% position:40% size:75% EVERY QUARTER I WOULD DROP IN, line:85% position:29% size:65% OR A NICKEL AT THAT STAGE· line:85% position:44% size:78% HERE MY GRANDFATHER COMES HOME.

line:85% position:50% size:80% WE'RE BACK IN THE COUNTRYSIDE IN line:85% position:50% size:80% NORTHERN KENTUCKY, AND HE BRINGS line:85% position:44% size:78% THIS LITTLE CALF, AND I HAVE TO line:85% position:18% size:45% PAY $16.75 FOR IT.

line:85% position:31% size:68% REMEMBER I KNOW THAT NUMBER line:85% position:14% size:28% EVEN TODAY.

line:85% position:50% size:80% AND THEY OPEN UP THE PIGGY BANK, line:85% position:33% size:70% AND FOR SOME REASON MY OLDER line:85% position:40% size:75% SISTER HAD ALSO PUT SOME MONEY line:85% position:19% size:48% IN THAT PIGGY BANK.

line:85% position:40% size:75% AND THEY WERE DOTING MONEY OUT line:85% position:44% size:78% TO HER AND TO ME, AND I WAS NOT line:85% position:36% size:73% SO HAPPY THAT SHE WAS GETTING line:85% position:44% size:78% THAT MONEY, SO· I DID HAVE THAT line:85% position:36% size:73% ROOSTER PIGGY BANK THAT I DID line:85% position:16% size:38% SAVE MONEY FOR.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman: SO IS THAT line:85% position:40% size:75% THE SISTER YOU'RE STAYING WITH line:85% position:13% size:20% TONIGHT?

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: YES, IT IS.

line:85% position:14% size:30% [ LAUGHTER ] line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: OKAY, WELL line:85% position:19% size:48% HERE'S YOUR CHANCE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Phillip Sharp:DON'T TELL line:85% position:31% size:68% HER I SAID THAT ON A STAGE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Jenni Laidman:SO YOU GOT line:85% position:33% size:70% INTERESTED IN SCIENCE AROUND line:85% position:21% size:53% FIFTH OR SIXTH GRADE?

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YES.

line:85% position:29% size:65% I WAS ALWAYS GOOD AT MATH.

line:85% position:33% size:70% I WAS THE ONE WHO SOLVED THE line:85% position:27% size:63% MATH PROBLEMS FASTER THAN line:85% position:21% size:53% ANYONE ELSE IN CLASS.

line:85% position:40% size:75% BUT AT THAT TIME THE CLASS WAS line:85% position:13% size:25% 15 PEOPLE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% BY THE TIME I GOT TO FIFTH GRADE line:85% position:33% size:70% I WAS GETTING ENTRANCED WITH line:85% position:29% size:65% BOOKS ABOUT DINOSAURS, AND line:85% position:22% size:55% HISTORY, AND MISSILES.

line:85% position:24% size:58% AND THIS WAS ALL PRE -- line:85% position:25% size:60% OR JUST AT SPUTNIK TIME.

line:85% position:33% size:70% IT WAS FASCINATING TO BE ME.

line:85% position:44% size:78% OTHERS -- I WOULD TALK ABOUT IT line:85% position:44% size:78% -- THEN OTHERS WOULD COME TO ME line:85% position:36% size:73% AND SAY, "WHAT'S THIS ABOUT?"

line:85% position:44% size:78% I WOULD EXPLAIN AS BEST I COULD line:85% position:40% size:75% OR GO FIND SOMETHING TO DO IT.

line:85% position:50% size:80% IT WAS CLEAR TO ME AT THAT STAGE line:85% position:50% size:80% THAT MATH AND SCIENCE WAS REALLY line:85% position:22% size:55% SOMETHING THAT I HAD A line:85% position:21% size:53% REAL CURIOSITY ABOUT.

line:85% position:44% size:78% AS I TALKED TO MY COLLEAGUES AT line:85% position:27% size:63% MIT, THAT'S NOT UNCOMMON· line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman: THAT IT line:85% position:15% size:33% STARTS YOUNG.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp:IT STARTS IN line:85% position:36% size:73% THAT SORT OF TEN, 12 YEARS OF line:85% position:44% size:78% AGE WHERE PEOPLE SORT OF BECOME line:85% position:14% size:28% INTERESTED.

line:85% position:40% size:75% NOW SCIENCE IS SO IMPORTANT TO line:85% position:40% size:75% SOCIETY AND SO MANY PEOPLE ARE line:85% position:44% size:78% INVOLVED IN IT THAT IT COMES TO line:85% position:36% size:73% OTHER PEOPLE LATER IN LIFE AS line:85% position:21% size:53% THEY FIND INTERESTING line:85% position:36% size:73% OCCUPATIONS THAT USE SCIENCE.

line:85% position:19% size:48% FOR MYSELF, IT CAME line:85% position:15% size:35% AT THAT STAGE.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman:I WONDER IF, line:85% position:21% size:53% SO JUST KIND OF FOR A line:85% position:44% size:78% TIME CAPSULE, IF YOU COULD KIND line:85% position:33% size:70% OF DESCRIBE WHAT LIFE ON THE line:85% position:33% size:70% FARM WAS LIKE IN THOSE YEARS line:85% position:31% size:68% WHEN YOU WERE IN ELEMENTARY line:85% position:44% size:78% SCHOOL, WHAT YOUR DAY WAS LIKE?

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: WELL, I GOT UP line:85% position:40% size:75% AND HELPED MY FATHER TAKE CARE line:85% position:31% size:68% OF THE BARN AND THINGS LIKE line:85% position:11% size:13% THAT.

line:85% position:50% size:80% THEN AFTER SCHOOL I DID A LOT OF line:85% position:25% size:60% CHORES AROUND THE HOUSE.

line:85% position:33% size:70% I DIDN'T SPEND A LOT OF TIME line:85% position:13% size:23% STUDYING.

line:85% position:40% size:75% I DID A LITTLE BIT, NOT A LOT.

line:85% position:24% size:58% BUT I GOT BETTER AT IT.

line:85% position:25% size:60% I USED TO DO SOME OF THE line:85% position:18% size:45% HOMEWORK IN CLASS.

line:85% position:29% size:65% I REALLY LOVED BASKETBALL.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: YOU'RE IN THE line:85% position:14% size:30% RIGHT STATE.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Phillip Sharp: I'M IN THE line:85% position:14% size:30% RIGHT STATE.

line:85% position:22% size:55% I PLAYED BASKETBALL IN line:85% position:36% size:73% HIGH SCHOOL; I SPENT A LOT OF line:85% position:17% size:40% TIME DOING THAT.

line:85% position:27% size:63% I EVEN DATED A FEW GIRLS.

line:85% position:13% size:23% [LAUGHTER line:85% position:15% size:35% FROM AUDIENCE] line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: YOU HEARD IT line:85% position:14% size:28% HEAR FIRST.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Phillip Sharp: JUST A FEW line:85% position:20% size:50% THINGS IN LIFE, YEP.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman: SO FINALLY line:85% position:27% size:63% WHEN YOU DECIDED TO GO TO line:85% position:36% size:73% COLLEGE, YOU PICKED ONE ABOUT line:85% position:50% size:80% 150 MILES AWAY -- UNION COLLEG·.

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YEP.

line:85% position:20% size:50% >> Jenni Laidman: IN line:85% position:15% size:33% BARBOURVILLE.

line:85% position:17% size:40% PRIVATE COLLEGE.

line:85% position:36% size:73% I THINK YOU TOLD ME THE FIRST line:85% position:31% size:68% TIME I INTERVIEWED YOU THAT line:85% position:27% size:63% TUITION WAS LIKE $1,000 A line:85% position:13% size:23% SEMESTER.

line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Phillip Sharp: YES.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: WOULD'VE IT line:85% position:36% size:73% BEEN CHEAPER TO GO TO A STATE line:85% position:12% size:18% SCHOOL?

line:85% position:44% size:78% WHY DID YOU CHOOSE THIS COLLEGE line:85% position:36% size:73% NEAR THE DANIEL BOONE FOREST?

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: I CAME FROM, line:85% position:40% size:75% AS YOU DESCRIBED, I LIVED ON A line:85% position:44% size:78% FARM, WENT TO A SMALL SCHOOL -- line:85% position:33% size:70% VERY TIGHT, SMALL COMMUNITY.

line:85% position:40% size:75% I WAS CONCERNED THAT IF I WENT line:85% position:40% size:75% TO A BIG STATE SCHOOL, I WOULD line:85% position:25% size:60% GET LOST IN THE SHUFFLE.

line:85% position:29% size:65% I DECIDED THAT IT WOULD BE line:85% position:40% size:75% BETTER TO GO TO A SMALL SCHOOL line:85% position:33% size:70% WHERE I WOULDN'T GET LOST IN line:85% position:14% size:30% THE SHUFFLE.

line:85% position:21% size:53% MAYBE I WAS INSECURE.

line:85% position:15% size:33% PROBABLY WAS.

line:85% position:33% size:70% SO I SELECTED UNION COLLEGE.

line:85% position:25% size:60% IN FACT I FILLED OUT THE line:85% position:44% size:78% APPLICATION TO GO TO COLLEGE ON line:85% position:25% size:60% THE KITCHEN TABLE OF THE line:85% position:24% size:58% MINISTER OF OUR CHURCH, line:85% position:19% size:48% BILLY RAY JENNINGS.

line:85% position:33% size:70% AND LUCKILY THEY ADMITTED ME line:85% position:40% size:75% BECAUSE IT WAS THE ONLY SCHOOL line:85% position:15% size:33% I APPLIED TO.

line:85% position:13% size:23% [LAUGHTER line:85% position:15% size:35% FROM AUDIENCE] line:85% position:22% size:55% I DON'T RECOMMEND THAT line:85% position:14% size:28% THESE DAYS.

line:85% position:33% size:70% BUT THEN I WENT TO UNION AND line:85% position:50% size:80% CONTINUED TO BE FASCINATED ABOUT line:85% position:29% size:65% MATH AND CHEMISTRY AT THAT line:85% position:12% size:15% STAGE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Jenni Laidman: ONE STORY THAT line:85% position:27% size:63% I HEARD, THAT YOU'VE TOLD line:85% position:33% size:70% ACTUALLY, HAD TO DO WITH THE line:85% position:36% size:73% COUNSELING THAT YOU GOT ABOUT line:85% position:31% size:68% GOING TO COLLEGE, THAT YOUR line:85% position:40% size:75% PRINCIPAL BROUGHT YOU IN TWICE line:85% position:50% size:80% AND TALKED TO YOU WHILE YOU WERE line:85% position:25% size:60% A SENIOR IN HIGH SCHOOL.

line:85% position:21% size:53% DO YOU REMEMBER THOSE line:85% position:15% size:35% CONVERSATIONS?

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: YES, HE CALLED line:85% position:40% size:75% ME OUT OF CLASS, AND I WENT TO line:85% position:24% size:58% THE PRINCIPAL'S OFFICE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% THAT WASN'T A GOOD THING TO HAVE line:85% position:33% size:70% HAPPEN TO YOU AT THAT STAGE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% HE SET ME DOWN AND ASKED ME WHAT line:85% position:25% size:60% I WAS GOING TO DO WHEN I line:85% position:31% size:68% GRADUATED, AND I SAID I WAS line:85% position:24% size:58% GOING TO UNION COLLEGE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% HE SAID, "WELL, THAT SOUNDS line:85% position:12% size:15% FINE."

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: THERE YOU GO.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: AND THAT WAS line:85% position:15% size:35% MY COUNSELING.

line:85% position:40% size:75% HE CALLED ME IN AGAIN SOMETIME line:85% position:33% size:70% LATER THAT YEAR, AND HE SAID line:85% position:44% size:78% THAT THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN line:85% position:22% size:55% FALMOUTH, KENTUCKY WAS line:85% position:44% size:78% INTERESTED IN MAKING SURE THERE line:85% position:29% size:65% WOULD BE A DOCTOR IN TOWN; line:85% position:50% size:80% WOULD I BE INTERESTED IN TALKING line:85% position:36% size:73% TO THEM ABOUT PERHAPS GETTING line:85% position:31% size:68% SOME SUPPORT FOR COLLEGE IF line:85% position:36% size:73% I WOULD COMMIT TO COMING BACK line:85% position:19% size:48% AND BEING A DOCTOR.

line:85% position:44% size:78% AND I WASN'T READY TO MAKE THAT line:85% position:14% size:28% COMMITMENT· line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Jenni Laidman: AT 18. line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: I JUST WASN'T.

line:85% position:36% size:73% SO I SAID, "NO, I DON'T THINK line:85% position:11% size:10% SO."

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman:WHAT REALLY line:85% position:50% size:80% STRUCK ME ABOUT THAT THOUGH, WAS line:85% position:44% size:78% HOW THE COMMUNITY WAS ASSESSING line:85% position:33% size:70% ITSELF AND TRYING TO COME UP line:85% position:17% size:40% WITH A SOLUTION.

line:85% position:40% size:75% YOU'RE A FARM KID, YOU GREW UP line:85% position:33% size:70% IN THE COUNTRY, AND NOW WHEN line:85% position:44% size:78% PEOPLE TALK ABOUT RURAL AMERICA line:85% position:50% size:80% IT TENDS TO BE WITH A FAR SADDER line:85% position:11% size:13% NOTE.

line:85% position:33% size:70% WE'RE NOT TALKING ABOUT KIDS line:85% position:36% size:73% COMING OUT OF THE COUNTRY AND line:85% position:20% size:50% GOING ON TO COLLEGE.

line:85% position:29% size:65% WE'RE HEARING ABOUT OPIOID line:85% position:27% size:63% ABUSE, EARLY DEATH IN MEN line:85% position:13% size:25% AND WOMEN.

line:85% position:33% size:70% I'M WONDERING IN THOSE YEARS line:85% position:36% size:73% THAT HAVE PASSED, HOW HAS THE line:85% position:17% size:40% COUNTRY CHANGED?

line:85% position:40% size:75% HOW HAS RURAL AMERICA CHANGED?

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Phillip Sharp: I THINK line:85% position:40% size:75% EVERYONE KNOWS THAT EMPLOYMENT line:85% position:40% size:75% OPPORTUNITIES IN RURAL AMERICA line:85% position:16% size:38% HAVE DECREASED.

line:85% position:44% size:78% THERE'S A LOT OF DISCOURAGEMENT line:85% position:13% size:25% OVER THAT.

line:85% position:33% size:70% IT'S HARD TO SEE OPPORTUNIES line:85% position:31% size:68% WHEN EVERYTHING SEEMS TO BE line:85% position:33% size:70% COMING NEGATIVE TOWARDS YOU.

line:85% position:21% size:53% I WOULD JUST SAY THAT line:85% position:44% size:78% OPPORTUNITIES ARE GREATER TODAY line:85% position:50% size:80% THAN IN THE FUTURE, AND THE BEST line:85% position:50% size:80% WAY TO BE SURE TO BE INVOLVED IN line:85% position:33% size:70% THEM IS TO GET AN EDUCATION, line:85% position:31% size:68% TO GET TRAINING SO YOU HAVE line:85% position:31% size:68% SKILLSETS TO GET YOU IN THE line:85% position:11% size:13% DOOR.

line:85% position:36% size:73% THEN ONCE YOU'RE IN THE DOOR, line:85% position:44% size:78% YOU LEARN WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW line:85% position:29% size:65% TO DO SOMETHING IMPORTANT.

line:85% position:24% size:58% AND IT IS DISCOURAGING· line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Jenni Laidman: YEAH.

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp: ·THERE'S line:85% position:14% size:30% NO QUESTION.

line:85% position:33% size:70% AND HOPEFULLY IT'LL IMPROVE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Jenni Laidman: SO YOU WERE AT line:85% position:40% size:75% UNION COLLEGE AND YOU ENDED UP line:85% position:22% size:55% HAPPY THERE AND REALLY line:85% position:17% size:43% PRODUCTIVE THERE.

line:85% position:44% size:78% SO YOU'RE MAJORING IN CHEMISTRY line:85% position:13% size:23% AND MATH· line:85% position:44% size:78% HOW DID YOU SEE YOURSELF IN THE line:85% position:27% size:63% FUTURE AS A UNION COLLEGE line:85% position:13% size:20% STUDENT?

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: I HAD TROUBLE line:85% position:27% size:63% PICTURING A PATH INTO THE line:85% position:12% size:18% FUTURE.

line:85% position:40% size:75% I KNEW I DIDN'T WANT TO GO AND line:85% position:18% size:45% TEACH HIGH SCHOOL.

line:85% position:24% size:58% I KNEW I WANTED TO FIND line:85% position:31% size:68% SOMETHING MORE ENGAGING AND line:85% position:15% size:35% OUTREACHING -- line:85% position:44% size:78% TEACHING HIGH SCHOOL IS A GREAT line:85% position:31% size:68% OCCUPATION, I DON'T WANT TO line:85% position:21% size:53% BELITTLE THAT AT ALL.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO WHEN I LEARNED THAT YOU COULD line:85% position:22% size:55% GET A SCHOLARSHIP OR A line:85% position:36% size:73% FELLOWSHIP TO DO YOUR PHD AND line:85% position:24% size:58% FOCUS ON SCIENCE AND DO line:85% position:31% size:68% RESEARCH, THOUGH I HAD VERY line:85% position:33% size:70% LITTLE EXPERIENCE, IT SEEMED line:85% position:29% size:65% LIKE AN IDEAL PATH FOR ME.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO I TURNED TO LOOK AT THAT PATH line:85% position:27% size:63% AND STARTING APPLYING FOR line:85% position:15% size:35% GRADUATE WORK.

line:85% position:27% size:63% LUCKILY THE UNIVERSITY OF line:85% position:27% size:63% ILLINOIS ACCEPTED ME AS A line:85% position:17% size:43% GRADUATE STUDENT.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Jenni Laidman: YEAH, AND line:85% position:36% size:73% WHEN YOU GOT THERE YOU HAD TO line:85% position:17% size:40% TAKE SOME TESTS.

line:85% position:40% size:75% I WANT YOU TO TELL ME WHAT WAS line:85% position:40% size:75% GOING THROUGH YOUR MIND AS YOU line:85% position:40% size:75% WERE WORKING ON THESE TESTS ON line:85% position:13% size:25% CHEMISTRY.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: SO I'M COMING line:85% position:31% size:68% FROM UNION COLLEGE, A SMALL line:85% position:33% size:70% SCHOOL, AND I'M GOING TO THE line:85% position:27% size:63% UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS -- line:85% position:44% size:78% ONE OF THE BETTER· BEST SCHOOLS line:85% position:36% size:73% IN THE COUNTRY AT THAT STAGE, line:85% position:29% size:65% STILL IS -- AND I TAKE THE line:85% position:44% size:78% ENTRANCE EXAM TO CHEMISTRY, AND line:85% position:29% size:65% I FLUNK THREE OF THE FOUR.

line:85% position:24% size:58% THAT'S NOT A GOOD OMEN.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: I MEAN, DID line:85% position:40% size:75% YOU KNOW AS YOU WERE TAKING IT line:85% position:15% size:33% THAT THIS IS· line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: I KNEW AS I line:85% position:36% size:73% WAS TAKING IT THAT I WAS JUST line:85% position:25% size:60% NOT SEEING THE MATERIAL, line:85% position:44% size:78% JUST NOT SEEING THAT UP TO DATE line:85% position:24% size:58% MATERIAL THAT THEY WERE line:85% position:36% size:73% INTERESTED IN MYSELF KNOWING.

line:85% position:40% size:75% SO WHAT HAPPENED THEN WAS JUST line:85% position:25% size:60% EXACTLY WHAT SHOULD HAVE line:85% position:13% size:23% HAPPENED.

line:85% position:40% size:75% THE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT AND line:85% position:27% size:63% I HAD A TALK AND HE SAID, line:85% position:29% size:65% "TAKE OUR SENIOR CLASSES."

line:85% position:31% size:68% AND ONE SEMESTER I TOOK ALL line:85% position:31% size:68% THREE SENIOR CLASSES THAT I line:85% position:36% size:73% DIDN'T DO WELL IN, AND THEN I line:85% position:20% size:50% SCORED VERY HIGH AND line:85% position:33% size:70% THREE YEARS LATER HAD A PHD.

line:85% position:29% size:65% SO AS YOU GO THROUGH LIFE, line:85% position:50% size:80% YOU'RE GOING TO GET DISCOURAGED, line:85% position:27% size:63% YOU'RE GOING TO FEEL LIKE line:85% position:14% size:28% YOU FAILED.

line:85% position:50% size:80% BUT IF YOU DON'T PERSEVERE, IT'S line:85% position:25% size:60% THE SECOND TIME YOU ASK, line:85% position:44% size:78% IT'S THE ADDITIONAL EFFORT THAT line:85% position:50% size:80% YOU PUT IN THAT REALLY MAKES THE line:85% position:14% size:28% DIFFERENCE.

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Jenni Laidman: WAS THAT line:85% position:50% size:80% REALLY THE LESSON THERE FOR YOU?

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: YES, IT WAS line:85% position:14% size:28% THE LESSON.

line:85% position:31% size:68% IF I REALLY WANTED IT I WAS line:85% position:36% size:73% GOING TO HAVE TO WORK FOR IT.

line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Jenni Laidman:YEAH.

line:85% position:29% size:65% I JUST KIND OF PICTURE YOU line:85% position:27% size:63% TAKING THESE TESTS GOING, line:85% position:33% size:70% "OH MY GOD, WHAT'VE I GOTTEN line:85% position:15% size:33% MYSELF INTO?"

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: IT COULD'VE line:85% position:44% size:78% BEEN AN EASY TIME TO WALK AWAY, line:85% position:33% size:70% BUT I WASN'T ABOUT TO DO IT.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: YEAH, SO YOU line:85% position:36% size:73% WERE KIND OF INVESTED AT THAT line:85% position:12% size:15% POINT.

line:85% position:44% size:78% SO AFTER YOUR PHD YOU END UP AT line:85% position:13% size:20% CALTECH· line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Phillip Sharp: YES.

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Jenni Laidman: FOR YOUR line:85% position:50% size:80% DOCTORAL WORK, WHERE YOU TAKE ON line:85% position:40% size:75% ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AMONG YOUR line:85% position:12% size:18% SKILLS.

line:85% position:36% size:73% BUT I GUESS, CALTECH· I MEAN, line:85% position:40% size:75% MIT, CALTECH, THERE'S A COUPLE line:85% position:12% size:18% OTHERS.

line:85% position:33% size:70% BUT YOU'RE WITH THE BIG DOGS line:85% position:11% size:10% NOW.

line:85% position:36% size:73% TELL ME WHAT THAT'S DOING FOR line:85% position:20% size:50% YOU, A KENTUCKY BOY.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: SO, WHEN I GOT line:85% position:31% size:68% TO CALTECH, I KNEW, FROM MY line:85% position:36% size:73% READING OF THE LITERATURE AND line:85% position:44% size:78% FOLLOWING SCIENCE, THAT CALTECH line:85% position:50% size:80% WAS ONE OF THE FEW INSTITUTES IN line:85% position:50% size:80% THE COUNTRY IN WHICH THE SCIENCE line:85% position:44% size:78% AND THE PEOPLE THERE WERE AMONG line:85% position:50% size:80% THE BEST IN THE COUNTRY IN DOING line:85% position:13% size:20% SCIENCE.

line:85% position:33% size:70% WHEN I GOT THERE AND STARTED line:85% position:33% size:70% DOING RESEARCH, AND REALIZED line:85% position:36% size:73% THAT I WAS HOLDING MY OWN AND line:85% position:31% size:68% MAYBE DOING A LITTLE BETTER line:85% position:13% size:25% THAN MANY.

line:85% position:44% size:78% IT TAUGHT ME THAT I SHOULD HAVE line:85% position:40% size:75% THE EXPECTATIONS THAT I SHOULD line:85% position:50% size:80% LOOK TO SORT OF BE AMONG THE TOP line:85% position:31% size:68% IN THE COUNTRY AND LOOK FOR line:85% position:36% size:73% POSITIONS WHERE I COULD DO MY line:85% position:13% size:20% SCIENCE.

line:85% position:36% size:73% SO WHEN YOU'RE COMPETING WITH line:85% position:50% size:80% THE BEST AND YOU'RE HOLDING YOUR line:85% position:44% size:78% OWN, MAYBE A LITTLE BETTER, AND line:85% position:40% size:75% YOU SEE WHAT'S HAPPENING, THEN line:85% position:31% size:68% YOU SORT OF GAUGE YOURSELF.

line:85% position:33% size:70% EVERYBODY GAUGES THEIR SELF.

line:85% position:40% size:75% THAT'S WHY IT'S VERY IMPORTANT line:85% position:36% size:73% TO BE IN A COMMUNITY IN WHICH line:85% position:24% size:58% THE BEST IS BEING DONE.

line:85% position:33% size:70% YOU KNOW, IF YOU WANT TO GET line:85% position:36% size:73% BETTER, COMPETE WITH THE BEST line:85% position:31% size:68% AND THEN YOU'LL GET BETTER.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman:BUT, YOU line:85% position:44% size:78% KNOW, THE KID WHO WENT TO UNION line:85% position:50% size:80% COLLEGE KIND OF BACKED AWAY FROM line:85% position:18% size:45% THAT A LITTLE BIT.

line:85% position:36% size:73% NOT TO SAY THAT UNION COLLEGE line:85% position:40% size:75% WAS A BAD COLLEGE OR ANYTHING.

line:85% position:40% size:75% BUT I GUESS IS THERE A GROWING line:85% position:31% size:68% UP PROCESS THAT HAS TO TAKE line:85% position:12% size:18% PLACE·?

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: OH THERE WAS line:85% position:15% size:33% AN EVOLUTION.

line:85% position:50% size:80% THERE WAS AN EVOLUTION OF MYSELF line:85% position:40% size:75% GAINING CONFIDENCE, ACHIEVING, line:85% position:21% size:53% SEEING THINGS HAPPEN, line:85% position:44% size:78% UNDERSTANDING A LITTLE BIT MORE line:85% position:25% size:60% ABOUT THE WORLD THAT WAS line:85% position:25% size:60% CONSTANTLY AN EVOLUTION.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman:NOW THE GUY line:85% position:50% size:80% YOU WENT TO WORK FOR AT CALTEC·.

line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Phillip Sharp: NORMAN line:85% position:13% size:23% DAVIDSON.

line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Jenni Laidman:NORMAN line:85% position:13% size:23% DAVIDSON.

line:85% position:31% size:68% YOU HAD, YOU KNOW, YOU WERE line:85% position:29% size:65% PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN line:85% position:17% size:40% WORKING FOR HIM.

line:85% position:44% size:78% CAN YOU TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT line:85% position:11% size:13% THAT?

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Phillip Sharp:WELL HE WAS line:85% position:40% size:75% A CHEMIST, PHYSICIST, HAD DONE line:85% position:33% size:70% MARVELOUS WORK FOR 30 YEARS.

line:85% position:44% size:78% I READ HIS TEXTBOOK, I READ HIS line:85% position:31% size:68% RESEARCH PAPERS, AND I JUST line:85% position:22% size:55% ABSOLUTELY LOVED THEM.

line:85% position:29% size:65% NOT ONLY DID THEY GIVE YOU line:85% position:21% size:53% INTERESTING INSIGHTS, line:85% position:33% size:70% BUT THE METHODOLOGY HE USED, line:85% position:40% size:75% THE MATH HE USED, THE DEPTH OF line:85% position:44% size:78% THE SCIENCE WAS JUST WONDERFUL.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO, YOU KNOW, I WROTE TO HIM AND line:85% position:40% size:75% ASKED IF I COULD BE A POST-DOC line:85% position:40% size:75% AND ONE OF THE LUCKIEST THINGS line:85% position:31% size:68% THAT HAPPENED TO ME IS THAT line:85% position:14% size:30% HE SAID YES.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: AND YOU WERE line:85% position:36% size:73% WORKING WITH BACTERIA, RIGHT?

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Phillip Sharp: YES, I WAS line:85% position:22% size:55% WORKING WITH BACTERIA.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: WHY DID YOU line:85% position:33% size:70% PICK UP ELECTRON MICROSCOPY?

line:85% position:40% size:75% WHAT WAS THE ATTRACTION THERE?

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Phillip Sharp:WELL, IN line:85% position:36% size:73% THOSE DAYS -- AND THIS WAS IN line:85% position:44% size:78% SORT OF '69 TO '71 -- THE ONLY line:85% position:50% size:80% WAY WE COULD VISUALIZE GENES WAS line:85% position:50% size:80% TO COMPARE TWO PIECES OF DNA AND line:85% position:44% size:78% THEN AMPLIFY THE IMAGE OF THEM, line:85% position:40% size:75% A SINGLE MOLECULE AT A TIME BY line:85% position:20% size:50% ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

line:85% position:36% size:73% A THOUSAND, TEN-THOUSAND VOLT line:85% position:15% size:35% AMPLIFICATION.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO WE COULD MAP GENES CRUDELY ON line:85% position:13% size:20% GENOMES.

line:85% position:40% size:75% THAT'S THE NEW TECHNOLOGY, AND line:85% position:44% size:78% I MASTERED THAT, AND I WAS ABLE line:85% position:50% size:80% TO SEE SOME THINGS OF BIOLOGICAL line:85% position:40% size:75% IMPORTANCE THAT HAD NEVER BEEN line:85% position:14% size:30% SEEN BEFORE.

line:85% position:44% size:78% SO THAT'S WHERE THE SCIENCE WAS line:85% position:36% size:73% IN THE LATE '60S, EARLY '70S.

line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Jenni Laidman:SO EVEN line:85% position:36% size:73% THOUGH YOU WERE A CHEMIST AND line:85% position:40% size:75% YOUR PHD WAS IN CHEMISTRY, YOU line:85% position:36% size:73% WERE ALREADY MAKING A BEELINE line:85% position:17% size:40% TOWARDS BIOLOGY.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp:I WAS HEADED line:85% position:36% size:73% TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, BECAUSE line:85% position:27% size:63% ONCE I STARTED READING IN line:85% position:33% size:70% MOLECULAR BIOLOGY I KNEW THE line:85% position:44% size:78% OPPORTUNITIES, THE SCIENCE, THE line:85% position:33% size:70% DISCOVERIES· THIS WAS AT THE line:85% position:40% size:75% FOREFRONT OF WHAT WAS GOING TO line:85% position:25% size:60% CHANGE VERY RAPIDLY, AND line:85% position:50% size:80% I WANTED TO GET THERE AS FAST AS line:85% position:13% size:20% I COULD.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman:SO, THEN line:85% position:40% size:75% WHEN YOU FINISHED YOUR POST -- line:85% position:33% size:70% DOC, YOU HAD THE REALLY GOOD line:85% position:50% size:80% FORTUNE OF BEING IN A CRAPPY JOB line:85% position:12% size:18% MARKET.

line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Phillip Sharp:IT WAS line:85% position:17% size:40% HORRIBLE IN '71.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman:AND THAT LED line:85% position:29% size:65% YOU TO JIM WATSON AND COLD line:85% position:15% size:35% SPRING HARBOR.

line:85% position:33% size:70% CAN YOU TALK ABOUT WHAT COLD line:85% position:36% size:73% SPRING HARBOR IS AND WHY THIS line:85% position:17% size:40% WAS SO CRITICAL?

line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Phillip Sharp: WELL, line:85% position:50% size:80% COLD SPRING HARBOR IS A RESEARCH line:85% position:44% size:78% INSTITUTE ON THE NORTH SHORE OF line:85% position:31% size:68% LONG ISLAND, ABOUT 30 TO 50 line:85% position:33% size:70% MILES OUTSIDE OF NEW YORK -- line:85% position:27% size:63% A PRISTINE LITTLE HARBOR.

line:85% position:40% size:75% THE NORTH SHORE OF LONG ISLAND line:85% position:31% size:68% WAS WHERE THE VERY WEALTHY· line:85% position:33% size:70% TEDDY ROOSEVELT'S ESTATE WAS line:85% position:15% size:35% DOWN THE ROAD.

line:85% position:31% size:68% SO AFTER WORLD WAR II THOSE line:85% position:36% size:73% ESTATES GOT LESS INTERESTING.

line:85% position:50% size:80% TO PRESERVE THE ENVIRONMENT THEY line:85% position:50% size:80% STARTED COLD SPRING HARBOR LABS.

line:85% position:44% size:78% JIM HAD SPENT HIS SUMMERS THERE line:85% position:33% size:70% LEARNING, CREATING MOLECULAR line:85% position:36% size:73% BIOLOGY AS A GRAD STUDENT AND line:85% position:40% size:75% THEN HE WENT OFF TO CAMBRIDGE.

line:85% position:40% size:75% BUT HE CAME BACK TO RESCUE THE line:85% position:40% size:75% LAB BECAUSE IT WAS GOING TO BE line:85% position:44% size:78% INSOLVENT, AND STARTED STUDYING line:85% position:36% size:73% ANIMAL VIRUSES AND HOW ANIMAL line:85% position:22% size:55% VIRUSES CREATE CANCER.

line:85% position:27% size:63% THERE ARE GENES IN ANIMAL line:85% position:29% size:65% VIRUSES THAT WILL CREATE A line:85% position:31% size:68% CANCER UNDER CERTAIN IMMUNE line:85% position:40% size:75% STATES, AND WE WANTED TO LEARN line:85% position:40% size:75% WHAT THOSE GENES WERE DOING IN line:85% position:17% size:40% CREATING CANCER.

line:85% position:33% size:70% AND IT WAS A NEW INITIATIVE, line:85% position:44% size:78% AND, YOU KNOW, I CALLED HIM AND line:85% position:36% size:73% SAID, "I REALLY WANT TO LEARN line:85% position:27% size:63% HOW TO DO ANIMAL VIROLOGY line:85% position:44% size:78% BECAUSE THIS IS THE AREA I WANT line:85% position:27% size:63% TO DEVELOP MY CAREER IN."

line:85% position:40% size:75% JIM BEING JIM WATSON BASICALLY line:85% position:40% size:75% SAID, "OK, I'M GOING TO EUROPE line:85% position:15% size:33% IN TWO WEEKS.

line:85% position:36% size:73% I'M GOING TO RECRUIT SOMEBODY line:85% position:31% size:68% THERE IF YOU DON'T TAKE THE line:85% position:36% size:73% JOB."

SO I WENT AND TALKED TO line:85% position:15% size:33% A FEW PEOPLE.

line:85% position:36% size:73% I TALKED TO MY WIFE ANN AND I line:85% position:40% size:75% CALLED AND SAID, THE NEXT DAY, line:85% position:33% size:70% "I'M TAKING THE JOB, I'LL BE line:85% position:12% size:18% THERE."

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: SO JIM WATSON line:85% position:33% size:70% IS THE GUY WHO, WITH FRANCIS line:85% position:44% size:78% CRICK, DETERMINED THE STRUCTURE line:85% position:40% size:75% OF DNA AND HAS A REPUTATION -- line:85% position:50% size:80% CONTINUES TO -- OF SORT OF BEING line:85% position:31% size:68% OUTSPOKEN, ON THE IRASCIBLE line:85% position:36% size:73% SIDE, HAS A COUPLE BOOKS THAT line:85% position:16% size:38% SPELL THAT OUT.

line:85% position:36% size:73% WHAT WAS HE LIKE TO WORK FOR?

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp:HE WAS QUITE line:85% position:25% size:60% STRATEGIC IN THINKING IN line:85% position:29% size:65% BRINGING THE LAB TOGETHER, line:85% position:33% size:70% IN BRINGING PEOPLE TOGETHER.

line:85% position:29% size:65% WHEN SOMETHING INTERESTING line:85% position:33% size:70% HAPPENED HE WOULD SHOW UP ON line:85% position:15% size:35% YOUR DOORSTEP.

line:85% position:40% size:75% HE WOULD STAND IN THE DOOR AND line:85% position:29% size:65% LOOK AT YOU AND SAY, "HMM, line:85% position:20% size:50% WHAT'S INTERESTING?"

line:85% position:50% size:80% THEN YOU WOULD TELL HIM WHAT YOU line:85% position:40% size:75% WERE DOING, AND HE WOULD OFFER line:85% position:36% size:73% YOU ADVICE, AND THEN HE WOULD line:85% position:33% size:70% COME BACK AND SAY, "HMM, YOU line:85% position:33% size:70% OUGHT TO WRITE A PAPER ABOUT line:85% position:12% size:15% THAT."

line:85% position:50% size:80% THEN HE WOULD READ THE PAPER AND line:85% position:44% size:78% HE WOULD GIVE IT TO SOMEBODY TO line:85% position:17% size:40% GET COMMENTS ON.

line:85% position:44% size:78% HE SORT OF, AT A VERY STRATEGIC line:85% position:33% size:70% LEVEL, SORT OF MOTIVATED THE line:85% position:25% size:60% RESEARCH AND CREATED THE line:85% position:14% size:30% ENVIRONMENT.

line:85% position:25% size:60% A VERY IMPORTANT PERSON.

line:85% position:50% size:80% HE TURNS 90 IN ABOUT THREE WEEKS line:85% position:33% size:70% AND WE'LL HAVE A CELEBRATION line:85% position:13% size:20% FOR HIM.

line:85% position:17% size:43% >> Jenni Laidman: line:85% position:27% size:63% SO YOU WORKED IN VIRUSES· line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YES.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman:·AND YOU PUT line:85% position:50% size:80% YOUR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TO WORK line:85% position:25% size:60% AT COLD SPRING HARBOR -- line:85% position:50% size:80% LUCKY YOU DIDN'T GET AN ACADEMIC line:85% position:11% size:10% JOB.

line:85% position:50% size:80% WHAT'S THE IMPORTANCE OF VIRUSES line:85% position:13% size:20% IN THIS?

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: WELL, AT THE line:85% position:44% size:78% TIME IN EARLY '70S, DNA VIRUSES line:85% position:50% size:80% IN PARTICULAR WAS ONE OF THE FEW line:85% position:36% size:73% GENOMES OF THE VIRUS THAT ONE line:85% position:25% size:60% COULD ISOLATE AND STUDY.

line:85% position:44% size:78% BECAUSE THESE DNA VIRUSES WOULD line:85% position:50% size:80% ENTER THE NUCLEUS OF HUMAN CELLS line:85% position:44% size:78% THEY THEN WERE EXPRESSED BY THE line:85% position:29% size:65% SAME RULES AS HUMAN GENES, line:85% position:36% size:73% SO WE COULD MANIPULATE THOSE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% I LEFT COLD SPRING HARBOR IN '74 line:85% position:44% size:78% TO GO TO MIT AND I CARRIED THAT line:85% position:29% size:65% RESEARCH PROGRAM ONTO MIT, line:85% position:50% size:80% AND THEN LOOKING AT THE ACTIVITY line:85% position:13% size:23% OF GENES.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: WELL, IT WAS line:85% position:20% size:50% ADENOVIRUSES, RIGHT?

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp:YEAH, IT WAS line:85% position:15% size:33% ADENOVIRUSES.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: AND WAS THAT line:85% position:19% size:48% THE TUMOR CAUSING·?

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp: THE LEFT line:85% position:40% size:75% GENOME REGION CAUSES TUMORS IN line:85% position:24% size:58% MICE AND, MORE RATS AND line:85% position:13% size:23% HAMSTERS.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO THERE WAS AN ONCOGENE IN THAT line:85% position:33% size:70% PART OF THE GENOME, WHICH WE line:85% position:44% size:78% BASICALLY DEFINED THAT THAT WAS line:85% position:14% size:28% THE REGION.

line:85% position:50% size:80% BUT THE VIRUS ITSELF, EVERYBOD·.

line:85% position:33% size:70% 80 PERCENT OF US IS INFECTED line:85% position:13% size:20% WITH IT.

line:85% position:33% size:70% IT'S A RESPIRATORY INFECTION line:85% position:33% size:70% AND WHEN YOUR CHILDREN GO TO line:85% position:33% size:70% NURSERY SCHOOL AND THEY COME line:85% position:50% size:80% HOME WITH A RUNNY NOSE, AND THEN line:85% position:18% size:45% THAT'S ADENOVIRUS.

line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Jenni Laidman:SO IT line:85% position:33% size:70% ALLOWED YOU TO TAKE A CLOSER line:85% position:31% size:68% LOOK AT HUMAN CELLS, RIGHT?

line:85% position:29% size:65% IT REALLY WASN'T ABOUT THE line:85% position:12% size:15% VIRUS.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: NO, WELL WE line:85% position:31% size:68% USED THE VIRUS TO PROBE THE line:85% position:44% size:78% HUMAN CELL, BUT THEN IN LOOKING line:85% position:25% size:60% AT THE VIRUS WE MADE THE line:85% position:25% size:60% DISCOVERY THAT I GOT THE line:85% position:17% size:40% NOBEL PRIZE FOR.

line:85% position:36% size:73% THAT IS THAT THE GENES OUT OF line:85% position:44% size:78% THAT VIRUS WERE, IN THAT VIRUS, line:85% position:33% size:70% WERE EXPRESSED AS PIECES AND line:85% position:17% size:43% SPLICED TOGETHER.

line:85% position:36% size:73% AND KNOWING THE LITERATURE OF line:85% position:50% size:80% WHAT HAD BEEN DESCRIBED IN HUMAN line:85% position:31% size:68% CELLS BEFORE, IT WAS PRETTY line:85% position:31% size:68% STRAIGHTFORWARD TO MAKE THE line:85% position:40% size:75% RELATIONSHIP TO CELLULAR GENES line:85% position:31% size:68% BEING EXPRESSED BY THE SAME line:85% position:12% size:18% METHOD.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman: SO I THINK line:85% position:24% size:58% IT'S HARD FOR PEOPLE TO line:85% position:27% size:63% UNDERSTAND WHY THIS WAS A line:85% position:25% size:60% REVOLUTIONARY DISCOVERY.

line:85% position:33% size:70% I LIKE TO THINK OF IT AS THE line:85% position:40% size:75% DISCOVERY THAT GOT YOUR MIDDLE line:85% position:33% size:70% SCHOOL NAMED AFTER YOU, BUT· line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Phillip Sharp: IT WAS.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman: SO WHY WAS line:85% position:22% size:55% THIS SO REVOLUTIONARY?

line:85% position:44% size:78% WHY WAS THIS SO IMPORTANT?

WHAT line:85% position:44% size:78% DID WE THINK ABOUT HOW THE GENE line:85% position:50% size:80% OPERATED UP UNTIL THAT POINT AND line:85% position:22% size:55% WHAT DID THAT TELL US?

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp:SO BEFORE line:85% position:31% size:68% THERE WERE A LOT OF REASONS line:85% position:40% size:75% BECAUSE WE WERE STUDYING GENES line:85% position:36% size:73% AND BACTERIA, AND IN BACTERIA line:85% position:33% size:70% THIS DISCONTINUOUS, OR SPLIT line:85% position:33% size:70% GENE STRUCTURE, ISN'T THERE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Phillip Sharp:IT WAS ONE line:85% position:29% size:65% CONTINUOUS STRETCH, A VERY line:85% position:29% size:65% STRAIGHTFORWARD STRETCH OF line:85% position:33% size:70% INFORMATION THAT WAS USED TO line:85% position:36% size:73% MAKE PROTEIN, AND THE RNA WAS line:85% position:44% size:78% CARRYING THE INFORMATION TO THE line:85% position:13% size:20% PROTEIN.

line:85% position:40% size:75% THAT'S THE WAY BACTERIA WORKED line:85% position:25% size:60% BECAUSE THEY DIVIDE VERY line:85% position:13% size:20% RAPIDLY.

line:85% position:29% size:65% BUT THEN WHEN WE MADE THIS line:85% position:40% size:75% DISCOVERY OF SPLIT GENES, THEN line:85% position:44% size:78% WE KNEW THERE WAS JUST GOING TO line:85% position:44% size:78% BE A WHOLE MUCH MORE ELABORATE, line:85% position:40% size:75% COMPLEX PROCESS IN WHICH GENES line:85% position:36% size:73% WERE EXPRESSED AND REGULATED.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO YOU HAVE 23,000 GENES, BUT IN line:85% position:50% size:80% EVERY CELL ONLY ABOUT 10,000 ARE line:85% position:13% size:25% EXPRESSED.

line:85% position:33% size:70% SO THERE ARE DIFFERENT GENES line:85% position:33% size:70% BEING EXPRESSED, IT'S CALLED line:85% position:33% size:70% EPIGENETICS, AND IT CONTROLS line:85% position:50% size:80% WHETHER A CELL IS A SKIN CELL OR line:85% position:36% size:73% A BLOOD CELL OR A BRAIN CELL.

line:85% position:33% size:70% AND SO WE KNEW THEN THAT THE line:85% position:31% size:68% COMPLEXITY OF OUR CELLS WAS line:85% position:50% size:80% GOING TO BE GREATER, A DIFFERENT line:85% position:15% size:33% SET OF RULES.

line:85% position:40% size:75% IT JUST CHANGED HOW WE THOUGHT line:85% position:40% size:75% ABOUT ALL THE BIOLOGY OF MULTI line:85% position:20% size:50% -- CELLULAR ANIMALS.

line:85% position:25% size:60% SO PLANTS ARE LIKE THIS.

line:85% position:50% size:80% EVERY MULTI -- CELLULAR ORGANISM line:85% position:33% size:70% HAS THESE GENE STRUCTURES OF line:85% position:14% size:30% SPLIT GENES.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Jenni Laidman:SO WE USED line:85% position:50% size:80% TO THINK OF IT AS KIND OF LIKE A line:85% position:44% size:78% LINE OF TYPE THAT GOT READ OUT.

line:85% position:44% size:78% AND IT TURNS OUT IT'S MORE LIKE line:85% position:50% size:80% AN AUTO PART STORE WHERE THERE'S line:85% position:15% size:35% ALL DIFFERENT· line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Phillip Sharp:TAKE THIS, line:85% position:44% size:78% TAKE THAT, AND PUT IT TOGETHER.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Jenni Laidman:AND PUT IT line:85% position:50% size:80% TOGETHER, WHICH CHANGES ENTIRELY line:85% position:33% size:70% HOW WE THINK ABOUT HOW THESE line:85% position:14% size:28% THINGS RUN.

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YEP.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman:SO DID THAT line:85% position:50% size:80% HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR WHERE YOUR line:85% position:19% size:48% RESEARCH WENT NEXT?

line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Phillip Sharp:OH YES.

line:85% position:25% size:60% I MEAN, HAVING MADE THAT line:85% position:25% size:60% DISCOVERY, IT WAS REALLY line:85% position:36% size:73% PRETTY DISCOURAGING ACTUALLY.

line:85% position:13% size:23% [LAUGHTER line:85% position:15% size:35% FROM AUDIENCE] line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Jenni Laidman:WAIT A line:85% position:12% size:18% SECOND.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Phillip Sharp:I MAKE A line:85% position:33% size:70% DISCOVERY OF A LIFETIME, AND line:85% position:24% size:58% EVERYBODY AROUND, EVERY line:85% position:36% size:73% SCIENTIST ESSENTIALLY IN LIFE line:85% position:33% size:70% SCIENCE, WITHIN A MONTH KNEW line:85% position:13% size:23% ABOUT IT.

line:85% position:44% size:78% SO EVERY PLACE I WENT TO GIVE A line:85% position:31% size:68% SEMINAR, THEY KNEW BEFORE I line:85% position:36% size:73% WALKED IN THE ROOM WHAT I WAS line:85% position:15% size:33% GOING TO SAY.

line:85% position:25% size:60% THAT MEANT I HAD TO FIND line:85% position:21% size:53% SOMETHING NEW TO SAY.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: SO YOU WERE line:85% position:17% size:40% WASHED UP AT 34. line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: I WAS WASHED line:85% position:15% size:35% UP AT 34, YES.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO I THEN· THE BIGGEST LABS WERE line:85% position:14% size:28% DOING THIS.

line:85% position:36% size:73% I HAD THREE OR FOUR PEOPLE AT line:85% position:14% size:28% THAT STAGE.

line:85% position:19% size:48% SO I THEN TURNED TO line:85% position:44% size:78% UNDERSTANDING THE BIOCHEMISTRY, line:85% position:27% size:63% THE MACHINE THAT DID THIS line:85% position:33% size:70% EDITING AT THE LEVEL OF RNA, line:85% position:15% size:33% RNA SPLICING.

line:85% position:44% size:78% THEN THINGS STARTED ROLLING AND line:85% position:36% size:73% I WAS -- THIS WAS A WHOLE NEW line:85% position:50% size:80% PROCESS THAT NO ONE HAD EXPLORED line:85% position:40% size:75% AND I GOT THE BEST STUDENTS IN line:85% position:13% size:25% THE WORLD.

line:85% position:40% size:75% THEY WERE ALL COMING, KNOCKING line:85% position:14% size:28% ON MY DOOR.

line:85% position:33% size:70% WE WERE JUST HAVING LOADS OF line:85% position:11% size:10% FUN.

line:85% position:24% size:58% JUST EVERYDAY THERE WAS line:85% position:31% size:68% SOMETHING NEW, AND YOU'D GO line:85% position:50% size:80% HOME, AND YOU'D WAKE UP AT THREE line:85% position:36% size:73% IN THE MORNING THINKING ABOUT line:85% position:36% size:73% IT, THEN YOU'D GO IN THE NEXT line:85% position:21% size:53% DAY, AND YOU'D HAVE A line:85% position:15% size:33% CONVERSATION.

line:85% position:24% size:58% SOMEBODY WOULD GO DO AN line:85% position:29% size:65% EXPERIMENT, AND YOU'D JUST line:85% position:14% size:30% BUILD ON IT.

line:85% position:19% size:48% IT WAS SO EXCITING.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Jenni Laidman: SO WHEN YOU GO line:85% position:44% size:78% HOME AT NIGHT, WHEN YOU WERE AT line:85% position:33% size:70% THIS STAGE, DID YOU TELL ANN line:85% position:36% size:73% YOUR WIFE ALL THIS STUFF THAT line:85% position:15% size:33% WAS GOING ON?

line:85% position:31% size:68% DID SHE JUST SAY, YOU KNOW, line:85% position:19% size:48% "OK, THERE THERE."?

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: WELL, I KEPT line:85% position:40% size:75% THE SORT OF HIGH-LEVEL VIEW OF line:85% position:16% size:38% THE EXCITEMENT· line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Jenni Laidman:YEAH.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp:·AND WHO WAS line:85% position:40% size:75% DOING IT BECAUSE WE, YOU KNOW, line:85% position:25% size:60% THE RESEARCH GROUP IS AN line:85% position:17% size:40% EXTENDED FAMILY.

line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Jenni Laidman:YEAH.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: AND TO YOUR line:85% position:44% size:78% FAMILY IT'S AN EXTENDED FAMILY.

line:85% position:40% size:75% SO WE ALL GOT TOGETHER, AND IT line:85% position:36% size:73% WAS A HIGH-LEVEL VIEW OF WHAT line:85% position:15% size:33% WAS GOING ON.

line:85% position:31% size:68% BUT IN THE DETAILS WERE TOO line:85% position:40% size:75% SPECIFIC TO HAVE CONVERSATION.

line:85% position:33% size:70% I ALWAYS WANTED TO KEEP SOME line:85% position:50% size:80% SEGMENT OF FAMILY LIFE SEPARATED line:85% position:33% size:70% FROM WORK LIFE, AND THAT WAS line:85% position:44% size:78% PART OF THE MANAGEMENT OF LIFE.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: AND YOU HAD line:85% position:17% size:40% THREE DAUGHTERS.

line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Phillip Sharp: I DO.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Jenni Laidman: YOU HAVE THREE line:85% position:13% size:25% DAUGHTERS.

line:85% position:29% size:65% YOU'VE GOT A VERY BUSY LAB line:85% position:31% size:68% THAT'S GROWING INCREASINGLY line:85% position:25% size:60% BUSY, AND BUSY DAUGHTERS line:85% position:15% size:35% I'M IMAGINING.

line:85% position:50% size:80% DID THAT CREATE A WORK-HOME LIFE line:85% position:13% size:20% BALANCE?

line:85% position:44% size:78% OR IS THAT NOT A THING THAT MEN line:85% position:36% size:73% IN 1977 WERE REALLY HAVING TO line:85% position:16% size:38% DEAL WITH MUCH?

line:85% position:13% size:23% [LAUGHTER line:85% position:15% size:35% FROM AUDIENCE] line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: MY WIFE IS IN line:85% position:15% size:33% THE AUDIENCE.

line:85% position:13% size:25% [LAUGHING] line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Jenni Laidman:I KNOW, line:85% position:12% size:18% I KNOW.

line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Phillip Sharp: TO SAY line:85% position:40% size:75% FACTUALLY, SHE CARRIED A GREAT line:85% position:25% size:60% DEAL OF THAT ENGAGEMENT.

line:85% position:19% size:48% I TRIED TO BE THERE line:85% position:19% size:48% AS MUCH AS I COULD.

line:85% position:31% size:68% IT'S A TEAM, AND IT TAKES A line:85% position:11% size:13% TEAM.

line:85% position:31% size:68% MY CHILDREN UNDERSTOOD THAT line:85% position:44% size:78% DADDY WAS GOING TO TRAVEL A LOT line:85% position:18% size:45% AND BE AWAY A LOT.

line:85% position:31% size:68% WHEN I WAS WITH THEM, I WAS line:85% position:13% size:25% WITH THEM.

line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Jenni Laidman:YEAH.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: AND I TRIED TO line:85% position:36% size:73% BE AT ALL TIMES A PRESENCE IN line:85% position:14% size:30% THEIR LIVES.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman: SO I THINK line:85% position:40% size:75% IT'S EASY TO FORGET, YOU KNOW, line:85% position:31% size:68% HISTORY KIND OF COLLAPSE ON line:85% position:50% size:80% ITSELF WHEN YOU LOOK BACK AT IT.

line:85% position:29% size:65% IT'S EASY TO FORGET WHAT A line:85% position:40% size:75% REVOLUTION WAS GOING ON IN THE line:85% position:20% size:50% BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.

line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Phillip Sharp:YEAH.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman:WHEN YOU line:85% position:40% size:75% CAME TO MIT IN '74, LET'S SEE, line:85% position:40% size:75% WAS IT THE FOLLOWING YEAR THAT line:85% position:33% size:70% -- I'M GOING TO MISPRONOUNCE line:85% position:22% size:55% THIS -- THE "ALISAMAR" line:85% position:14% size:30% CONFERENCE·?

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp:ASILOMAR.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman:ASILOMAR line:85% position:14% size:28% CONFERENCE.

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp:YES, YES.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: AND THEN THE line:85% position:31% size:68% FOLLOWING YEAR THE MAYOR OF line:85% position:50% size:80% CAMBRIDGE KIND OF WENT A LITTLE, line:85% position:19% size:48% HOW DO YOU SAY THIS line:85% position:50% size:80% DIPLOMATICALLY, EXPRESSIVE ABOUT line:85% position:44% size:78% THE DANGERS OF RECOMBINANT DNA.

line:85% position:13% size:25% [LAUGHTER] line:85% position:33% size:70% TO THE POINT WHERE I BELIEVE line:85% position:40% size:75% I'VE READ THINGS WHERE HE SAID line:85% position:36% size:73% THERE WAS ORANGE-EYED FIGURES line:85% position:27% size:63% LURKING AROUND CAMBRIDGE.

line:85% position:25% size:60% SO CAN YOU TALK ABOUT -- line:85% position:29% size:65% FIRST OF ALL, EXPLAIN WHAT line:85% position:33% size:70% RECOMBINANT DNA IS, AND THEN line:85% position:44% size:78% TALK ABOUT THIS CONTROVERSY AND line:85% position:21% size:53% WEATHERING SCIENTIFIC line:85% position:24% size:58% CONTROVERSY IN GENERAL.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Phillip Sharp: SO IN THE line:85% position:40% size:75% EARLY '70S -- JUST BEFORE '74, line:85% position:20% size:50% '75, '76, BUT '75 -- line:85% position:44% size:78% WE DEVELOPED THE CHEMISTRY THAT line:85% position:20% size:50% WE COULD MAKE GENES.

line:85% position:24% size:58% WE COULD SYNTHESIZE THE line:85% position:25% size:60% NUCLEOTIDES IN GENES AND line:85% position:19% size:48% LINK THEM TOGETHER.

line:85% position:25% size:60% WE COULD SEQUENCE GENES.

line:85% position:50% size:80% WE COULD RECOMBINE BIG PIECES OF line:85% position:40% size:75% GENES, CALLED RECOMBINANT DNA.

line:85% position:33% size:70% SO FOR THE FIRST TIME WE HAD line:85% position:18% size:45% SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY.

line:85% position:33% size:70% IT DEVELOPED IN OUR RESEARCH line:85% position:44% size:78% LABS BECAUSE WE WERE INTERESTED line:85% position:29% size:65% IN HOW GENES WORKED, SO WE line:85% position:31% size:68% LEARNED THE CHEMISTRY TO DO line:85% position:14% size:30% THE SCIENCE.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: BUT WASN'T IT line:85% position:50% size:80% PAUL BERG WHO DID RESEARCH WHERE line:85% position:50% size:80% HE COMBINED FROM ONE SPECIES AND line:85% position:13% size:20% ANOTHER?

line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Phillip Sharp: WELL, line:85% position:50% size:80% HE COMBINED A VIRUS -- WE TALKED line:85% position:33% size:70% ABOUT THE VIRUSES, YOU KNOW, line:85% position:44% size:78% THEY COULD CAUSE SOME CANCER IN line:85% position:13% size:20% ANIMALS.

line:85% position:33% size:70% THEY DON'T IN MAN, AS FAR AS line:85% position:13% size:25% ONE KNOWS.

line:85% position:16% size:38% IT WAS CHECKED.

line:85% position:31% size:68% BUT HE COMBINED THAT WITH A line:85% position:24% size:58% BACTERIAL PIECE OF DNA.

line:85% position:33% size:70% SO HERE, BACTERIA GROWING -- line:85% position:50% size:80% CAN GROW IN YOUR GUT -- HAD THIS line:85% position:24% size:58% PIECE OF VIRAL DNA, AND line:85% position:44% size:78% SOME PEOPLE THOUGHT THAT WASN'T line:85% position:13% size:20% SO GOOD.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO THERE WAS A MAJOR DISCUSSION; line:85% position:24% size:58% THERE WAS A MORATORIUM.

line:85% position:36% size:73% THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY UNTO line:85% position:33% size:70% ITSELF SAID, "WE WILL NOT DO line:85% position:50% size:80% THESE TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS UNTIL line:85% position:40% size:75% WE HAVE A MEETING ABOUT HOW TO line:85% position:27% size:63% DO THEM SAFELY AND HOW TO line:85% position:16% size:38% REGULATE THAT."

line:85% position:33% size:70% THAT MORATORIUM WAS STRIKING line:85% position:24% size:58% BECAUSE IT WAS OBSERVED line:85% position:27% size:63% WORLDWIDE, INTERNATIONAL.

line:85% position:40% size:75% PEOPLE IN EUROPE DIDN'T DO THE line:85% position:50% size:80% EXPERIMENTS, PEOPLE HERE DIDN'T.

line:85% position:33% size:70% AND THEN WE HAD A MEETING AT line:85% position:44% size:78% ASILOMAR -- I WAS ABLE TO GO -- line:85% position:40% size:75% WE DISCUSSED THE POLICIES AND, line:85% position:44% size:78% WHAT THE MOST SAFE WAY OF DOING line:85% position:24% size:58% THESE EXPERIMENTS WERE.

line:85% position:27% size:63% THEN WE WORKED WITHIN NIH line:85% position:15% size:33% GUIDELINES -- line:85% position:29% size:65% NIH: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF line:85% position:40% size:75% HEALTH -- TO PUT GUIDELINES IN line:85% position:12% size:15% PLACE.

line:85% position:44% size:78% AS THIS WAS HAPPENING, THEN THE line:85% position:40% size:75% RESEARCH COULD START EXCEPT IN line:85% position:36% size:73% ONE COMMUNITY IN THE COUNTRY.

line:85% position:24% size:58% AND THAT WAS CAMBRIDGE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% CAMBRIDGE MASKED THE SOCIAL line:85% position:22% size:55% REPUBLIC OF CAMBRIDGE.

line:85% position:13% size:25% [LAUGHTER] line:85% position:19% size:48% VERY LIBERAL PLACE.

line:85% position:36% size:73% SO THE MAYOR DECIDED THAT THE line:85% position:40% size:75% NIH MAY DECIDE THAT THESE WERE line:85% position:29% size:65% SAFE, BUT CAMBRIDGE DIDN'T line:85% position:31% size:68% DECIDE THAT THEY WERE SAFE.

line:85% position:33% size:70% SO HE CALLED A MORATORIUM IN line:85% position:44% size:78% CAMBRIDGE, AND THEN FOR ANOTHER line:85% position:33% size:70% NINE MONTHS, WE MET WITH THE line:85% position:40% size:75% CITY AND WORKED WITH THE CITY, line:85% position:50% size:80% AND THEY THEN DEVELOPED A SET OF line:85% position:44% size:78% GUIDELINES THAT WOULD ALLOW YOU line:85% position:25% size:60% TO DO RECOMBINANT DNA IN line:85% position:13% size:25% CAMBRIDGE.

line:85% position:40% size:75% BUT HE STARTED ALL THIS WITH A line:85% position:40% size:75% MEETING IN THE CITY COUNSEL IN line:85% position:31% size:68% WHICH HE SORT OF, LET'S SAY line:85% position:50% size:80% HARANGUED HARVARD AND MIT TO GET line:85% position:29% size:65% HIS NAME IN THE NEWSPAPER.

line:85% position:40% size:75% SO IT WAS A VERY INTENSE TIME.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: I KNOW THAT line:85% position:31% size:68% THERE WERE A FEW PEOPLE WHO line:85% position:15% size:35% ACTUALLY FLED· line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Phillip Sharp:OH YES, line:85% position:29% size:65% THERE WERE PEOPLE WHO LEFT line:85% position:36% size:73% HARVARD, AND NOT SO MUCH MIT, line:85% position:36% size:73% WHO LEFT HARVARD BECAUSE THEY line:85% position:24% size:58% JUST WANTED TO DO THESE line:85% position:36% size:73% EXPERIMENTS AND WERE SO UPSET line:85% position:25% size:60% THAT CAMBRIDGE HAD TAKEN line:85% position:14% size:30% THIS ACTION.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman: DID YOU line:85% position:36% size:73% CONSIDER LEAVING, OR WAS THIS line:85% position:25% size:60% DISTANT ENOUGH FROM YOUR line:85% position:13% size:23% OWN WORK?

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp: I KNEW I line:85% position:31% size:68% WANTED TO BE AT MIT BECAUSE line:85% position:36% size:73% I KNEW THAT I COULD WORK WITH line:85% position:29% size:65% PEOPLE THERE AND DO WHAT I line:85% position:27% size:63% WANTED TO ACCOMPLISH, AND line:85% position:44% size:78% IT WOULD BE A PLATFORM FOR MANY line:85% position:15% size:33% OTHER THINGS.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO I WASN'T INTERESTED IN MOVING line:85% position:50% size:80% SOMEWHERE ELSE AND MAYBE STAYING line:85% position:31% size:68% FIVE YEARS AND COMING BACK.

line:85% position:33% size:70% I WANTED TO WORK THROUGH IT.

line:85% position:36% size:73% I HELPED MIT WORK THROUGH IT, line:85% position:33% size:70% AND WE GOT THE CONFIDENCE OF line:85% position:44% size:78% CAMBRIDGE AND THEN WE WERE ABLE line:85% position:22% size:55% TO DO THE EXPERIMENTS.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman: SO PART OF line:85% position:50% size:80% THAT -- SO LET'S SEE IF I'VE GOT line:85% position:14% size:28% THIS RIGHT.

line:85% position:27% size:63% YOU'VE TALKED ABOUT THREE line:85% position:31% size:68% REVOLUTIONS IN BIOLOGY, AND line:85% position:44% size:78% WE'RE STILL IN THE FIRST ONE IN line:85% position:40% size:75% THE STAGE WE'RE TALKING ABOUT· line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YEP.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman:AND THAT IS line:85% position:36% size:73% THE DISCOVERIES THAT FOLLOWED line:85% position:40% size:75% THE DESCRIPTION OF DNA, OF THE line:85% position:15% size:33% DNA MOLECULE.

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YEP.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Jenni Laidman: SO WE'RE STILL line:85% position:12% size:15% THERE.

line:85% position:22% size:55% 1976 YOU GET CALLED TO line:85% position:33% size:70% CALIFORNIA TO CONSULT WITH A line:85% position:17% size:40% VENTURE CAPITAL.

line:85% position:25% size:60% CAN YOU TALK ABOUT THIS?

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: SO I'M SITTING line:85% position:27% size:63% IN MY OFFICE, SUN OVER MY line:85% position:40% size:75% SHOULDER, I'M WRITING A PAPER, line:85% position:36% size:73% I GET A TELEPHONE CALL FROM A line:85% position:50% size:80% MAN NAMED RAY SCHAFER WHO WAS AN line:85% position:15% size:33% EX-MIT ALUMN.

line:85% position:29% size:65% AND HE CALLED ME AND SAID, line:85% position:29% size:65% "I'M A VENTURE CAPITALIST.

line:85% position:50% size:80% I HAVE A POTENTIAL INVESTMENT IN line:85% position:36% size:73% A BIOTECH COMPANY ON THE WEST line:85% position:40% size:75% COAST, AND I WOULD LIKE YOU TO line:85% position:50% size:80% COME OUT AND CONSULT, AND LISTEN line:85% position:40% size:75% TO THE STORY, AND TELL US WHAT line:85% position:50% size:80% YOU THINK OF THIS AS SCIENCE AND line:85% position:29% size:65% MAYBE EVEN AS A BUSINESS."

line:85% position:44% size:78% SO I KNEW NOTHING ABOUT VENTURE line:85% position:13% size:20% CAPITAL.

line:85% position:29% size:65% I DIDN'T KNOW THE COMPANY.

line:85% position:29% size:65% I CHECKED RAY SCHAFER OUT.

line:85% position:33% size:70% HE HAD WORKED WITH PEOPLE AT line:85% position:40% size:75% MIT, SO I CALLED THEM AND THEY line:85% position:31% size:68% SAID, "ANYTHING RAY SCHAFER line:85% position:29% size:65% SAYS, YOU CAN BANK ON IT."

line:85% position:25% size:60% SO I BOUGHT MY TICKET TO line:85% position:25% size:60% CALIFORNIA AND FLEW OUT.

line:85% position:40% size:75% WALKED IN THE ROOM AND HERE IS line:85% position:44% size:78% BOB SWANSON AND HERB BOYER, AND line:85% position:29% size:65% THEY HAD JUST LAID OUT THE line:85% position:25% size:60% GUIDELINES FOR THE FIRST line:85% position:29% size:65% RECOMBINANT COMPANY CALLED line:85% position:13% size:25% GENENTECH.

line:85% position:31% size:68% I LISTENED TO THE STORY AND line:85% position:33% size:70% I SAID, "THEY'RE GOING TO DO line:85% position:15% size:33% THIS SCIENCE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% I DON'T KNOW IF IT'S A BUSINESS, line:85% position:33% size:70% BUT THEY'RE GOING TO DO THIS line:85% position:13% size:23% SCIENCE."

line:85% position:31% size:68% THEY MADE THE INVESTMENT IN line:85% position:13% size:25% GENENTECH.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: SO WHAT WERE line:85% position:24% size:58% THEY TALKING ABOUT THAT line:85% position:29% size:65% GENENTECH WAS GOING TO DO?

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Phillip Sharp: THEY WERE line:85% position:50% size:80% GOING TO SYNTHESIZE THE GENE FOR line:85% position:33% size:70% HUMAN INSULIN, AND THEN MAKE line:85% position:40% size:75% HUMAN INSULIN IN BACTERIA IN A line:85% position:36% size:73% PURE FORM -- HUMAN INSULIN -- line:85% position:29% size:65% AND REPLACE SWINE INSULIN, line:85% position:36% size:73% WHICH WAS WHAT WAS BEING USED line:85% position:44% size:78% FOR MOST PATIENTS AT THAT TIME.

line:85% position:50% size:80% THEN THEY WERE GOING TO MAKE THE line:85% position:31% size:68% GENE FOR GROWTH HORMONE AND line:85% position:36% size:73% USE THAT TO TREAT CHILDREN OR line:85% position:27% size:63% TEENAGERS WHO WERE UNDER· line:85% position:44% size:78% DEFICIENT IN GROWTH HORMONE AND line:85% position:36% size:73% DIDN'T GET NORMAL STATURE AND line:85% position:14% size:30% DEVELOPMENT.

line:85% position:50% size:80% THEY WERE GOING IN THE LONG-TERM line:85% position:31% size:68% TO DEVELOP THIS TECHNOLOGY.

line:85% position:36% size:73% AND GENENTECH WAS A TERRIBLY, line:85% position:33% size:70% AND IS A TERRIBLY SUCCESSFUL line:85% position:13% size:20% COMPANY.

line:85% position:50% size:80% I WAS EXCITED ABOUT THE SCIENCE.

line:85% position:33% size:70% THERE WAS NO RECOMBINANT DNA line:85% position:50% size:80% TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL line:85% position:36% size:73% COMPANY OR ANY PRIVATE SECTOR line:85% position:13% size:23% ACTIVITY.

line:85% position:50% size:80% HERE WAS A WHOLE NEW TECHNOLOGY.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Jenni Laidman: SO YOU'RE line:85% position:29% size:65% LISTENING TO THIS -- THEIR line:85% position:36% size:73% SCIENCE AND WHAT THEY WANT TO line:85% position:11% size:8% DO· line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YEP.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman:WHAT'S GOING line:85% position:18% size:45% THROUGH YOUR MIND?

line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Phillip Sharp:THIS IS line:85% position:13% size:25% IMPORTANT.

line:85% position:50% size:80% THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE line:85% position:31% size:68% THE OPPORTUNITIES TO BETTER line:85% position:50% size:80% SOCIETY WITH A SCIENCE IS ALMOST line:85% position:27% size:63% A RESPONSIBILITY -- TO BE line:85% position:40% size:75% INVOLVED IN THAT IF YOU'VE GOT line:85% position:15% size:33% THOSE SKILLS.

line:85% position:19% size:48% THAT LED TO FURTHER line:85% position:36% size:73% CONVERSATIONS IN WHICH LED TO line:85% position:44% size:78% THE CREATION OF ANOTHER COMPANY line:85% position:31% size:68% IN CAMBRIDGE, EUROPE CALLED line:85% position:40% size:75% BIOGEN THAT I WAS A CO-FOUNDER line:85% position:40% size:75% WITH WALLY GILBERT AT HARVARD· line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: ANOTHER NOBEL line:85% position:12% size:18% WINNER.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: ANOTHER NOBEL line:85% position:12% size:18% WINNER.

line:85% position:50% size:80% A NUMBER OF EUROPEAN SCIENTISTS.

line:85% position:27% size:63% AND SO WE DEVELOPED A NEW line:85% position:22% size:55% COMPANY CALLED BIOGEN.

line:85% position:44% size:78% WE GOT VENTURE FUNDING FROM RAY line:85% position:40% size:75% SCHAFER AND ANOTHER SCIENTIST.

line:85% position:36% size:73% AND GOT THE RELATIONSHIP WITH line:85% position:22% size:55% SCHERING-PLOW WHERE WE line:85% position:19% size:48% ULTIMATELY PRODUCED line:85% position:21% size:53% INTERFERON WITH THEM.

line:85% position:31% size:68% WE CLONED THE SEQUENCES FOR line:85% position:36% size:73% HEPATITIS B, WHICH IS PART OF line:85% position:14% size:30% THE VACCINE· line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: WHICH EVERY line:85% position:17% size:40% KID IN KENTUCKY· line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Phillip Sharp:·EVERYBODY line:85% position:15% size:33% HERE HAS GOT.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Jenni Laidman:·HAS TO DO line:85% position:13% size:25% THIS YEAR.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: WE ULTIMATELY line:85% position:29% size:65% DEVELOPED A VERY EFFECTIVE line:85% position:22% size:55% TREATMENT FOR MULTIPLE line:85% position:13% size:25% SCLEROSIS.

line:85% position:33% size:70% THE COMPANY ITSELF IS REALLY line:85% position:50% size:80% KNOWN FOR ITS INNOVATIVE WORK IN line:85% position:19% size:48% MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO IT WAS AN OPPORTUNITY TO TAKE line:85% position:40% size:75% TECHNOLOGY THAT WAS REALLY NEW line:85% position:33% size:70% AND NOVEL, CREATE IN PRIVATE line:85% position:31% size:68% SECTOR AN ORGANIZATION THAT line:85% position:40% size:75% COULD GROW IT, TRAIN PEOPLE IN line:85% position:25% size:60% IT, DEVELOP MARKETS, AND line:85% position:15% size:33% CREATE VALUE.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: YOU WERE ON line:85% position:40% size:75% THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD, line:85% position:12% size:15% RIGHT?

line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Phillip Sharp: AT THE line:85% position:22% size:55% BEGINNING I WAS ON THE line:85% position:40% size:75% SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD, AND line:85% position:36% size:73% THEN I BECAME A MEMBER OF THE line:85% position:19% size:48% BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

line:85% position:25% size:60% I SERVED ON THE BOARD OF line:85% position:24% size:58% DIRECTORS FOR 29 YEARS.

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Jenni Laidman: I'M JUST line:85% position:40% size:75% WONDERING HOW THAT WORK IN THE line:85% position:40% size:75% PRIVATE INDUSTRY WAS DIFFERENT line:85% position:36% size:73% FROM WHAT YOU DID IN THE LAB.

line:85% position:33% size:70% OR DID IT GIVE YOU SOMETHING line:85% position:50% size:80% THAT YOU ENDED UP TAKING TO YOUR line:85% position:44% size:78% APPROACH TO SCIENCE IN THE LAB?

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: IT TAUGHT ME line:85% position:12% size:15% A LOT.

line:85% position:36% size:73% I MEAN, TO REALLY WORK WITH A line:85% position:24% size:58% SKILLED BUSINESSPERSON, line:85% position:36% size:73% A SKILLED LEADER, TEACHES YOU line:85% position:27% size:63% ABOUT HOW TO LEAD PEOPLE, line:85% position:50% size:80% HOW TO TREAT PEOPLE, HOW TO TELL line:85% position:13% size:20% A STORY.

line:85% position:31% size:68% SO IT TAUGHT ME AN ENORMOUS line:85% position:50% size:80% AMOUNT, BUT I KNOW MY SKILLS ARE line:85% position:22% size:55% IN CREATING NEW IDEAS, line:85% position:27% size:63% NEW FUNDAMENTAL INSIGHTS.

line:85% position:50% size:80% I'D JUST SEEN HOW THOSE INSIGHTS line:85% position:44% size:78% IN THE LAB, WHICH WE WERE DOING line:85% position:36% size:73% AT MIT, MADE A BIG DIFFERENCE line:85% position:24% size:58% WHEN TRANSPORTED TO THE line:85% position:16% size:38% PRIVATE SECTOR.

line:85% position:44% size:78% SO I CONTINUED TO DO THIS BASIC line:85% position:29% size:65% RESEARCH IN MY LABORATORY, line:85% position:44% size:78% ALL THE TIME, REALIZING THAT IF line:85% position:50% size:80% THE OPPORTUNITY HAPPENED I COULD line:85% position:40% size:75% THEN MAKE ANOTHER CONTRIBUTION line:85% position:14% size:28% TO SOCIETY.

line:85% position:40% size:75% I LEARNED A LOT FROM BUSINESS, line:85% position:40% size:75% AND HOW TO VALUE BUSINESS, AND line:85% position:25% size:60% RECRUITED PEOPLE FOR IT.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: SO YOU REALLY line:85% position:31% size:68% SAW THE BENEFIT OF BENCH TO line:85% position:15% size:33% BEDSIDE HERE.

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp: BENCH TO line:85% position:13% size:20% BEDSIDE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% BUT MY SKILLS WERE IN THE BENCH.

line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Jenni Laidman: YEAH.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: AND I TALKED line:85% position:31% size:68% TO BEDSIDE, AND HELPED THAT line:85% position:33% size:70% HAPPEN, AND RECRUITED PEOPLE line:85% position:33% size:70% THAT TALK BOTH LANGUAGES AND line:85% position:14% size:30% HELPED THEM.

line:85% position:27% size:63% BUT I DECIDED NOT TO TAKE line:85% position:31% size:68% LEADERSHIP IN THAT AREA AND line:85% position:17% size:40% LEAVE THE BENCH.

line:85% position:50% size:80% I WAS OFFERED IT MULTIPLE TIMES, line:85% position:33% size:70% BUT I JUST DECIDED NOT TO DO line:85% position:11% size:13% THAT.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: SO THAT WAS line:85% position:24% size:58% STILL PART OF THE FIRST line:85% position:31% size:68% REVOLUTION, IF I UNDERSTAND line:85% position:14% size:28% THIS RIGHT.

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp:YEP, YEP.

line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Jenni Laidman:1980, line:85% position:36% size:73% NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, line:85% position:36% size:73% I THINK, ANNOUNCES WE WANT TO line:85% position:29% size:65% SEQUENCE THE HUMAN GENOME.

line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Phillip Sharp:GENOME.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Jenni Laidman: WE WANT TO MAP line:85% position:40% size:75% EVERYTHING THAT'S ON THAT DNA.

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YEP.

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Jenni Laidman: AND THAT line:85% position:36% size:73% BEGINS THE SECOND REVOLUTION, line:85% position:12% size:15% RIGHT?

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: YES, THE HUMAN line:85% position:31% size:68% GENOME INITIATIVE AND WHOLE line:85% position:44% size:78% SEQUENCING BIG DATA, AND HOW TO line:85% position:31% size:68% MANAGE BIG DATA, AND HOW TO line:85% position:50% size:80% INTERPRET IT AND TRANSLATE IT TO line:85% position:44% size:78% NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO UNDERSTAND line:85% position:40% size:75% BASIC PROBLEMS IN CELL BIOLOGY line:85% position:31% size:68% OR BIOLOGY, AND NEW MEDICAL line:85% position:29% size:65% APPLICATIONS WAS SORT OF A line:85% position:44% size:78% REVOLUTION THAT HAPPENED IN THE line:85% position:24% size:58% LATE, MID TO LATE '90S.

line:85% position:27% size:63% IN 2003, WE DEVELOPED THE line:85% position:40% size:75% ABILITY TO SEQUENCE THE GENOME line:85% position:21% size:53% AND ALL THREE BILLION line:85% position:18% size:45% NUCLEOTIDES OF IT.

line:85% position:29% size:65% THAT REALLY CHANGED ALMOST line:85% position:44% size:78% EVERYTHING BECAUSE WE COULD GET line:85% position:44% size:78% THE BLUEPRINT, WHICH WAS IN THE line:85% position:31% size:68% GENOME IN EVERY ORGANISM -- line:85% position:40% size:75% EVERY ORGANISM HAS DNA, THAT'S line:85% position:44% size:78% ITS GENOME -- AND YOU WOULD GET line:85% position:44% size:78% THE BLUEPRINT OF THE GENOME AND line:85% position:40% size:75% THEN YOU WOULD MAP OR USE THAT line:85% position:29% size:65% BLUEPRINT TO CONSTRUCT THE line:85% position:50% size:80% PROCESSES THAT WERE HAPPENING TO line:85% position:29% size:65% MAKE NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY, OR line:85% position:36% size:73% MAKE DISEASE, OR OTHER CANCER line:85% position:17% size:40% TYPE ACTIVITIES.

line:85% position:27% size:63% SO IT BECAME A NEW WAY OF line:85% position:20% size:50% APPROACHING BIOLOGY.

line:85% position:50% size:80% AND IT INVOLVES MATHEMATICS, AND line:85% position:40% size:75% IT INVOLVES PHYSICISTS, AND IT line:85% position:31% size:68% INVOLVES ENGINEERS, AND THE line:85% position:22% size:55% FIELD HAS JUST CHANGES line:85% position:36% size:73% ENORMOUSLY WITH THAT INSIGHT, line:85% position:40% size:75% AND BECOME MUCH MORE POWERFUL.

line:85% position:40% size:75% IT'S TOUCHING EVERYONE'S LIFE.

line:85% position:25% size:60% HAVE YOU HAD YOUR 23 AND line:85% position:13% size:20% ME DNA·?

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: I HAVE NOT, line:85% position:40% size:75% BUT MY COUSIN DID AND HAD SOME line:85% position:40% size:75% PRETTY INTERESTING DISCOVERIES line:85% position:11% size:8% SO· line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Phillip Sharp:OH, WELL IT line:85% position:25% size:60% CAN BE VERY INTERESTING.

line:85% position:13% size:25% [LAUGHTER] line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: YEAH, YEAH.

line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Phillip Sharp: YEAH.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: SO, HAVE YOU?

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: NO, I HAVEN'T.

line:85% position:25% size:60% BUT I'M HAVING MY GENOME line:85% position:13% size:25% SEQUENCED.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Phillip Sharp:I HAVE TWO line:85% position:22% size:55% SISTERS WITH A MEDICAL line:85% position:13% size:25% CONDITION.

line:85% position:44% size:78% I WANT TO BE SURE IF I CAN HELP line:85% position:50% size:80% THEM, AND I WANT TO KNOW IF IT'S line:85% position:36% size:73% SOMETHING THAT WE SHOULD KNOW line:85% position:12% size:15% ABOUT.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman:AND ALSO line:85% position:44% size:78% MAYBE FOR YOUR DAUGHTERS' SAKE?

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: YEAH, YEAH.

line:85% position:40% size:75% AND THEIR DAUGHTERS, AND THEIR line:85% position:11% size:13% KIDS.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman:INTERESTING.

line:85% position:50% size:80% YEAH, I ALWAYS WONDERED, BECAUSE line:85% position:33% size:70% PEOPLE WILL ASK ME, BECAUSE, line:85% position:36% size:73% I'M A SCIENCE WRITER AND THAT line:85% position:40% size:75% MAKES ME ALMOST A SCIENTIST -- line:85% position:14% size:28% NOT AT ALL· line:85% position:31% size:68% BUT PEOPLE WILL ASK ME, YOU line:85% position:33% size:70% KNOW, "SHOULD I GO DO THIS?"

line:85% position:44% size:78% AND I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT TO TELL line:85% position:44% size:78% THEM, WHETHER IT'S A GOOD IDEA.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: WELL, I THINK line:85% position:40% size:75% SOME PEOPLE DO IT BECAUSE THEY line:85% position:25% size:60% WANT TO KNOW WHERE THEIR line:85% position:19% size:48% FAMILIES CAME FROM.

line:85% position:27% size:63% SOME PEOPLE WANT TO DO IT line:85% position:36% size:73% BECAUSE THEY'RE JUST CURIOUS, line:85% position:33% size:70% AND THIS IS A NEW THING, AND line:85% position:22% size:55% YOU'LL HAVE A COCKTAIL line:85% position:29% size:65% CONVERSATION AND THEY SAY, line:85% position:44% size:78% "WELL I HAVE GENE X AND IT SAYS line:85% position:50% size:80% I HAVE A SLIGHTLY INCREASED RISK line:85% position:16% size:38% OF X, Y, OR Z."

line:85% position:40% size:75% BUT IT'S GOING TO BE WHERE YOU line:85% position:40% size:75% CAN TAKE ALL THAT DATA AND ADD line:85% position:36% size:73% IT TO WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT YOUR line:85% position:27% size:63% MEDICAL RECORDS, AND YOUR line:85% position:44% size:78% LIFESTYLE, AND SOME OTHER DATA, line:85% position:36% size:73% AND PROBABLY PROJECT THAT YOU line:85% position:24% size:58% HAVE, SAY, A SEVEN-FOLD line:85% position:50% size:80% INCREASED RISK OF A CERTAIN TYPE line:85% position:36% size:73% OF CANCER, OR ALZHEIMER'S, OR line:85% position:24% size:58% OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES.

line:85% position:27% size:63% THAT INFORMATION COULD BE line:85% position:24% size:58% INVALUABLE, IT WOULD BE line:85% position:33% size:70% INVALUABLE, IN TRACKING YOUR line:85% position:27% size:63% TREATMENTS BECAUSE IF YOU line:85% position:40% size:75% INTERVENE EARLIER, YOU USUALLY line:85% position:40% size:75% GET MUCH BETTER RESULTS OUT OF line:85% position:33% size:70% TREATMENT OR MODIFICATION OF line:85% position:13% size:25% LIFESTYLE.

line:85% position:36% size:73% THAT'S GOING TO BECOME, IN MY line:85% position:44% size:78% OPINION, SO IMPORTANT THAT MOST line:85% position:36% size:73% PEOPLE WILL HAVE THEIR GENOME line:85% position:40% size:75% SEQUENCED AT SOME STAGE IN THE line:85% position:12% size:18% FUTURE.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: SO IT'S STILL line:85% position:27% size:63% EARLY DAYS, BUT EXPECTED.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: STILL EARLY line:85% position:36% size:73% DAYS, WE CAN INTERPRET ALL OF line:85% position:11% size:13% THAT.

line:85% position:50% size:80% BUT IF YOU HAVE CANCER IN BOSTON line:85% position:50% size:80% AND GO INTO ONE OF THE HOSPITALS line:85% position:50% size:80% THEY NORMALLY SEQUENCE NOW ABOUT line:85% position:13% size:25% 500 GENES.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: AREN'T THEY line:85% position:36% size:73% USUALLY SEQUENCING YOUR TUMOR line:85% position:22% size:55% THOUGH, AT THAT POINT?

line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Phillip Sharp:YEAH, line:85% position:36% size:73% THEY'RE SEQUENCING THE TUMOR· line:85% position:50% size:80% BECAUSE THEY WANT TO KNOW IF THE line:85% position:50% size:80% TUMOR HAS A MUTATION THAT CAN BE line:85% position:20% size:50% TREATED WITH A DRUG.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: SO WOULD YOU line:85% position:44% size:78% SAY· I WANT TO TALK ABOUT RNAI· line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp: OK, line:85% position:15% size:33% INTERFERENCE.

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Jenni Laidman: RNA line:85% position:15% size:33% INTERFERENCE.

line:85% position:29% size:65% IS THAT PART OF THE SECOND line:85% position:14% size:28% REVOLUTION?

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp: WELL, IT line:85% position:29% size:65% HAPPENED AT THE SAME TIME.

line:85% position:40% size:75% BUT IT CAME OUT OF LEFT FIELD.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman:OK, TELL line:85% position:19% size:48% FOLKS WHAT THIS IS· line:85% position:20% size:50% >> Phillip Sharp:OK. line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman:·AND WE CAN line:85% position:40% size:75% TALK ABOUT THIS A LITTLE MORE.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: OK, SO IT'S line:85% position:14% size:28% REMARKABLE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% HERE IT'S 1998, A SCIENTIST line:85% position:40% size:75% NAMED ANDY FIRE, COLLABORATING line:85% position:17% size:43% WITH CRAIG MELLO· line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: WAS ANDY FIRE line:85% position:19% size:48% A STUDENT OF YOURS?

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: ANDY FIRE GOT line:85% position:17% size:40% HIS PHD WITH ME.

line:85% position:50% size:80% HE ARRIVED AT MIT FROM BERKELEY, line:85% position:14% size:28% CALIFORNIA.

line:85% position:29% size:65% HE HAD A HAIRDO LIKE THIS.

line:85% position:31% size:68% HE WAS A MATH MAJOR, HE WAS line:85% position:36% size:73% 19 YEARS OF AGE, HE HAD TAKEN line:85% position:31% size:68% TWO BIOLOGY COURSES, AND HE line:85% position:29% size:65% WANTED TO GO INTO BIOLOGY.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman: THAT'S TWO line:85% position:19% size:48% MORE THAN YOU TOOK.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: YES I KNOW, line:85% position:31% size:68% BUT I DIDN'T TELL HIM THAT.

line:85% position:13% size:20% I DIDN'T line:85% position:15% size:35% TELL HIM THAT.

line:85% position:44% size:78% BUT HE WORKED WITH ME FOR THREE line:85% position:40% size:75% OR FOUR YEARS AND GOT HIS PHD, line:85% position:44% size:78% AND THEN WENT OFF TO CAMBRIDGE, line:85% position:40% size:75% ENGLAND AND WORKED WITH SYDNEY line:85% position:36% size:73% BRENNER, WHO ALSO GOT A NOBEL line:85% position:36% size:73% PRIZE, AND THEN HE CAME BACK.

line:85% position:29% size:65% HE LED BY A SERIES OF JUST line:85% position:33% size:70% FORTUITOUS OBSERVATIONS THAT line:85% position:24% size:58% ANDY WAS THINKING ABOUT line:85% position:29% size:65% SERIOUSLY, RECOGNIZED THAT line:85% position:50% size:80% DOUBLE -- STRAND RNA -- THIS RNA line:85% position:50% size:80% THAT'S NORMALLY SINGLE -- STRAND line:85% position:36% size:73% IN OUR CELLS -- IF WE MAKE IT line:85% position:44% size:78% DOUBLE STRAND, IT'S BROKEN DOWN line:85% position:29% size:65% AND USED TO SILENCE GENES.

line:85% position:27% size:63% THIS IS PART OF HOW PLANT line:85% position:27% size:63% VIRUSES ARE CONTROLLED BY line:85% position:31% size:68% PLANT CELLS, HOW WE CONTROL line:85% position:36% size:73% INFECTIONS, IT'S A VERY BROAD line:85% position:19% size:48% BIOLOGICAL PROCESS.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman: AND THE line:85% position:19% size:48% IMPLICATIONS OF IT?

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp: THE line:85% position:33% size:70% IMPLICATIONS, WELL, THEN THE line:85% position:31% size:68% SECOND IMPLICATION WE SAID, line:85% position:36% size:73% "WELL, IF THIS RNA THAT COMES line:85% position:50% size:80% FROM OUTSIDE IS BROKEN DOWN INTO line:85% position:50% size:80% THESE PIECES AND USED TO SILENCE line:85% position:40% size:75% GENES, ARE THERE LITTLE PIECES line:85% position:15% size:33% IN OUR CELL?"

line:85% position:33% size:70% AND WHEN WE LOOKED THERE ARE line:85% position:18% size:45% THOUSANDS OF THEM.

line:85% position:33% size:70% AND EVERY CELL HAS THEM, AND line:85% position:29% size:65% EVERY CELL'S USING THEM TO line:85% position:20% size:50% CONTROL OTHER CELLS.

line:85% position:40% size:75% THIS IS WHAT MOST PEOPLE DON'T line:85% position:29% size:65% UNDERSTANDS ABOUT BIOLOGY: line:85% position:33% size:70% WE ARE A VERY YOUNG SCIENCE.

line:85% position:27% size:63% THERE ARE THINGS WE DON'T line:85% position:14% size:28% KNOW ABOUT.

line:85% position:36% size:73% SO HERE, TURN OF THE CENTURY, line:85% position:36% size:73% WE SUDDENLY DISCOVER THAT OUR line:85% position:40% size:75% CELLS ARE FULL OF THESE LITTLE line:85% position:29% size:65% RNAS WE DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT.

line:85% position:40% size:75% IT'S LIKE HAVING A CAR AND NOT line:85% position:40% size:75% KNOWING THERE'S A TRANSMISSION line:85% position:12% size:15% IN IT.

line:85% position:17% size:43% IT WAS LUDICROUS.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: WAIT, THERE'S line:85% position:16% size:38% A TRANSMISSION?

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: WELL, MAYBE.

line:85% position:44% size:78% SO WE MADE THIS, THE FIELD MADE line:85% position:36% size:73% THIS DISCOVERY AND I, WORKING line:85% position:29% size:65% WITH MY COLLEAGUES AT MIT, line:85% position:40% size:75% WORKED OUT THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF line:85% position:36% size:73% THE RNA INTERFERENCE PROCESS.

line:85% position:44% size:78% AND AGAIN WE HAD THIS SITUATION line:85% position:50% size:80% WHERE A FUNDAMENTAL DISCOVER AND line:85% position:40% size:75% BASIC SCIENCE SAID IF WE COULD line:85% position:40% size:75% INTRODUCE A SMALL PIECE OF RNA line:85% position:31% size:68% INTO A HUMAN CELL, WE COULD line:85% position:24% size:58% SILENCE A DISEASE GENE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% WE COULD ACTUALLY USE THESE BITS line:85% position:44% size:78% OF RNA AS A NEW WAY OF TREATING line:85% position:13% size:20% DISEASE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% SO WE ESTABLISHED A COMPANY line:85% position:16% size:38% CALLED ALNILAM.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Jenni Laidman: WHAT DOES line:85% position:13% size:25% THAT MEAN?

line:85% position:29% size:65% >> Phillip Sharp: IT'S THE line:85% position:44% size:78% BRIGHTEST STAR IN ORION'S BELT.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman: OH, OK. line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: SO THAT CENTER line:85% position:36% size:73% STAR YOU SEE OUT THERE THAT'S line:85% position:29% size:65% RELATED TO THE BIG DIPPER· line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: YEAH, THAT'S line:85% position:13% size:20% ALNILAM.

line:85% position:24% size:58% >> Phillip Sharp:THAT'S line:85% position:22% size:55% ORION, THAT'S ALNILAM.

line:85% position:22% size:55% THAT'S AN ARABIC WORD.

line:85% position:36% size:73% SO WE ESTABLISHED ALNILAM AND line:85% position:44% size:78% WE WORKED OVER 14 YEARS TO MAKE line:85% position:36% size:73% THIS REAL, TO TREAT A PATIENT line:85% position:13% size:20% WITH IT.

line:85% position:29% size:65% TWO MONTHS AGO, WE GOT OUR line:85% position:29% size:65% FIRST PHASE-THREE CLINICAL line:85% position:15% size:35% TRIAL RESULTS.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: THE DISEASE line:85% position:11% size:10% WAS?

line:85% position:17% size:43% >> Phillip Sharp: line:85% position:15% size:35% TRANSTHYRETIN.

line:85% position:31% size:68% IT'S A FOLDING DISEASE THAT line:85% position:44% size:78% CAUSES BOTH NEUROPATHIC FAILURE line:85% position:18% size:45% AND HEART FAILURE.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman: OH WOW.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: IT'S A GENETIC line:85% position:13% size:20% DISEASE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% WE TREAT WITH THIS, AND THE line:85% position:36% size:73% PATIENTS WHO CAN'T WALK BEGIN line:85% position:13% size:20% TO WALK.

line:85% position:29% size:65% THE PATIENTS WHO HAD HEART line:85% position:27% size:63% ATTACKS DIDN'T HAVE HEART line:85% position:13% size:20% ATTACKS.

line:85% position:27% size:63% IT WAS REALLY PHENOMENAL.

line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Jenni Laidman: THAT'S line:85% position:13% size:20% AMAZING.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: SO THE VISION line:85% position:44% size:78% WAS THERE IN, YOU KNOW, SORT OF line:85% position:50% size:80% 2000, AND IT TOOK THOSE YEARS TO line:85% position:31% size:68% MAKE IT REAL, AND IT REALLY line:85% position:14% size:28% FEELS GOOD.

line:85% position:13% size:23% [APPLAUSE line:85% position:15% size:35% FROM AUDIENCE] line:85% position:13% size:23% IT REALLY line:85% position:14% size:28% FEELS GOOD.

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Jenni Laidman: SO RNAI, WITH line:85% position:29% size:65% THIS REMARKABLE ABILITY TO line:85% position:22% size:55% CONTROL CELL -- GENE line:85% position:31% size:68% EXPRESSION AND THEN ANOTHER line:85% position:27% size:63% TECHNOLOGY, CRISPR/CAS-9, line:85% position:27% size:63% THAT ALLOWS GENE EDITING.

line:85% position:33% size:70% THESE ARE AMAZING, YOU KNOW, line:85% position:22% size:55% POWERFUL TECHNOLOGIES.

line:85% position:36% size:73% BIOLOGY IS ON THE BRINK OF SO line:85% position:31% size:68% THERE WAS AN ARTICLE IN THE line:85% position:31% size:68% JOURNAL OF AMERICAN MEDICAL line:85% position:40% size:75% ASSOCIATION: HALF OF AMERICANS line:85% position:27% size:63% BELIEVE SCIENTIFIC MYTHS; line:85% position:33% size:70% A THIRD OF AMERICANS BELIEVE line:85% position:44% size:78% THAT THE FDA IS KEEPING NATURAL line:85% position:40% size:75% REMEDIES THAT WOULD CURE THEIR line:85% position:33% size:70% CANCER AWAY FROM THEM AT THE line:85% position:25% size:60% BEHEST OF PHARMACEUTICAL line:85% position:13% size:25% COMPANIES; line:85% position:36% size:73% EDUCATED AMERICANS KEEP THEIR line:85% position:44% size:78% CHILDREN FROM BEING VACCINATED; line:85% position:31% size:68% PORTLAND, OREGON GOT RID OF line:85% position:33% size:70% FLUORIDATION IN THEIR WATER.

line:85% position:40% size:75% SO HERE'S SCIENCE AT THE BRINK line:85% position:50% size:80% OF SO MUCH AND YET -- IT REMINDS line:85% position:21% size:53% ME OF THE ASTRONOMER· line:85% position:25% size:60% >> Phillip Sharp: SAGAN?

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Jenni Laidman: THANK YOU.

line:85% position:31% size:68% THE DEMON -- HAUNTED WORLD, line:85% position:44% size:78% CARL SAGAN'S BOOK, THE DEMON -- line:85% position:15% size:35% HAUNTED WORLD.

line:85% position:40% size:75% IT REMINDS ME OF THAT SO MUCH.

line:85% position:50% size:80% HOW DO WE CLOSE THIS GAP BETWEEN line:85% position:40% size:75% WHAT SCIENCE IS CAPABLE OF AND line:85% position:50% size:80% OUR ABILITY TO BE OPEN TO IT AND line:85% position:50% size:80% TO STAY FOCUSED ON REAL RESULTS?

line:85% position:44% size:78% >> Phillip Sharp: WELL, I MEAN, line:85% position:50% size:80% THE ONLY WAY TO MAKE PROGRESS IN line:85% position:36% size:73% THAT IS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN line:85% position:29% size:65% SCIENCE AND THE COMMUNITY, line:85% position:33% size:70% PEOPLE AT LARGE, JOURNALISTS line:85% position:40% size:75% LIKE YOU WHO INTERPRET SCIENCE line:85% position:40% size:75% IN THE LANGUAGE THAT PEOPLE IN line:85% position:36% size:73% THE COMMUNITY CAN UNDERSTAND, line:85% position:19% size:48% AND BUILDING TRUST.

line:85% position:36% size:73% BUT, YOU KNOW, WHEN IT'S YOUR line:85% position:36% size:73% KID AND YOU'RE STANDING THERE line:85% position:22% size:55% AND YOU SEE SOME OTHER line:85% position:22% size:55% NEIGHBOR'S KID HAVE AN line:85% position:21% size:53% UNFORTUNATE RESPONSE, line:85% position:33% size:70% YOU WORRY LIKE MAD ABOUT IT.

line:85% position:44% size:78% YOU'RE TRYING TO FIND SOMETHING line:85% position:25% size:60% THAT WOULD EXPLAIN THIS.

line:85% position:44% size:78% I MEAN WE ARE, PSYCHOLOGICALLY, line:85% position:36% size:73% WE ARE PEOPLE WHO WILL CREATE line:85% position:20% size:50% MYTHS SO THAT WE CAN line:85% position:14% size:30% FACE DANGER.

line:85% position:40% size:75% I MEAN, YOU READ STORIES ABOUT line:85% position:50% size:80% PEOPLE IN BATTLE ZONES, AND THEY line:85% position:36% size:73% WILL DECIDE, FOR SOME REASON, line:85% position:44% size:78% THAT THEY CAN WALK THIS WAY AND line:85% position:50% size:80% ZAG THAT WAY AND WON'T GET SHOT.

line:85% position:36% size:73% BECAUSE THE ONLY WAY THEY CAN line:85% position:29% size:65% GET THEMSELVES TO DO THAT, line:85% position:40% size:75% BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO GET WATER line:85% position:44% size:78% OR FOOD, IS THEY HAVE TO CREATE line:85% position:40% size:75% A MYTH THAT WILL PROTECT THEM.

line:85% position:25% size:60% SO WE'RE MYTHMAKERS AS A line:85% position:29% size:65% SPECIES, WE'RE MYTHMAKERS.

line:85% position:44% size:78% SO YOU HAVE TO CONTINUE TO WORK line:85% position:33% size:70% WITH PEOPLE AND COMMUNICATE, line:85% position:44% size:78% AND ULTIMATELY SHOW THEM VALUE, line:85% position:40% size:75% AND SHOW THEM THAT THE RISK TO line:85% position:44% size:78% BENEFIT IS MUCH IN THE FAVOR OF line:85% position:33% size:70% THE SCIENCE AND THE THERAPY.

line:85% position:36% size:73% BUT THERE'S NO SIMPLE ANSWER, line:85% position:27% size:63% THERE'S NO SIMPLE ANSWER.

line:85% position:50% size:80% I THINK THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO USE line:85% position:40% size:75% THAT FEAR TO THEIR OWN BENEFIT line:85% position:31% size:68% TO MAKE THEMSELVES MONEY OR line:85% position:12% size:18% FAMOUS.

line:85% position:29% size:65% AND WHEN SOMEBODY WHO AS A line:85% position:50% size:80% POSITION OF AUTHORITY SAYS THOSE line:85% position:22% size:55% THINGS, YOU CAN'T SAY, line:85% position:36% size:73% "YOU CAN'T SAY THAT," BECAUSE line:85% position:31% size:68% THAT'S THE DISCOURSE THAT'S line:85% position:22% size:55% IMPORTANT FOR SOCIETY.

line:85% position:31% size:68% BUT YOU CAN DISCUSS WHY YOU line:85% position:17% size:43% THINK IT'S WRONG.

line:85% position:36% size:73% BUT PEOPLE HAVE TO MAKE THEIR line:85% position:15% size:35% OWN DECISIONS.

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Jenni Laidman: SO THE LAST line:85% position:44% size:78% THING I WANTED TO TALK ABOUT IS line:85% position:21% size:53% THE THIRD REVOLUTION.

line:85% position:22% size:55% >> Phillip Sharp: YEP.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Jenni Laidman: AND I WANT YOU line:85% position:50% size:80% TO EXPLAIN TO EVERYONE WHAT THAT line:85% position:36% size:73% MEANS AND HOW KENTUCKY CAN BE line:85% position:36% size:73% PART OF THE THIRD REVOLUTION.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Phillip Sharp: SO I HAVE TO line:85% position:31% size:68% COME BACK AND· THE LANGUAGE line:85% position:40% size:75% YOU'RE USING IS SOMETHING THAT line:85% position:44% size:78% WE'VE BEEN DOING AT MIT FOR THE line:85% position:20% size:50% LAST 10 OR SO YEARS.

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Jenni Laidman: OK. line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: SO WHAT ARE WE line:85% position:15% size:33% TRYING TO DO?

line:85% position:29% size:65% I WAS WORKING WITH THE MIT line:85% position:33% size:70% OFFICE IN WASHINGTON D.C. -- line:85% position:44% size:78% IT'S NOT A LOBBYIST OFFICE, BUT line:85% position:33% size:70% YOU TO PEOPLE IN WASHINGTON.

line:85% position:27% size:63% IT SOUNDS LIKE A LOBBYIST line:85% position:19% size:48% OFFICE, DOESN'T IT?

line:85% position:13% size:25% [LAUGHING] line:85% position:13% size:23% [LAUGHTER line:85% position:15% size:35% FROM AUDIENCE] line:85% position:44% size:78% BUT WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO FOR line:85% position:50% size:80% THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE IS -- line:85% position:25% size:60% GIVEN THIS REVOLUTION OF line:85% position:29% size:65% GENOMICS AND BIG DATA, AND line:85% position:36% size:73% NOW THE MACHINE LEARNING, AND line:85% position:40% size:75% ALL THE COMPUTATIONAL POWER WE line:85% position:33% size:70% HAVE -- WE NEED TO INTEGRATE line:85% position:25% size:60% ENGINEERS, COMPUTATIONAL line:85% position:44% size:78% SCIENTISTS, PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS line:85% position:36% size:73% INTO LIFE SCIENCE -- INTO THE line:85% position:44% size:78% SUPPORT AND ACTIVITIES OF BASIC line:85% position:25% size:60% SCIENCE SUPPORTED BY THE line:85% position:36% size:73% NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH.

line:85% position:33% size:70% AND THEN WHAT'S COMING NEXT?

line:85% position:40% size:75% IS THIS MERGER OF ENGINEERING, line:85% position:50% size:80% AND COMPUTATION, AND BIG SCIENCE line:85% position:31% size:68% WITH TEAMS AND DOING THINGS line:85% position:33% size:70% TOGETHER TO MAKE FUNDAMENTAL line:85% position:24% size:58% DISCOVERIES AND THEN TO line:85% position:50% size:80% UNDERSTAND HOW TO COMMUNICATE TO line:85% position:27% size:63% PATIENTS, INFORM DOCTORS, line:85% position:40% size:75% IMPROVE THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM.

line:85% position:50% size:80% SO WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT THIS line:85% position:36% size:73% THIRD REVOLUTION AND KENTUCKY line:85% position:40% size:75% IS I VISITED THE UNIVERSITY OF line:85% position:27% size:63% LOUISVILLE, I VISITED THE line:85% position:50% size:80% UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, AND MANY line:85% position:21% size:53% OF THE OTHER SCHOOLS.

line:85% position:17% size:40% YOU'RE DOING IT.

line:85% position:31% size:68% YOU'RE BEGINNING TO WORK AT line:85% position:19% size:48% MAKING THAT HAPPEN.

line:85% position:50% size:80% YOU'RE SEEING MORE COLLABORATION line:85% position:44% size:78% BETWEEN THE COMPUTER SCIENTISTS line:85% position:29% size:65% AND THE BIOLOGISTS AND THE line:85% position:27% size:63% COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGISTS.

line:85% position:33% size:70% YOU'RE HIRING PEOPLE IN THAT line:85% position:36% size:73% SPACE, YOU'RE BUILDING TEAMS, line:85% position:40% size:75% YOU'RE BUILDING ORGANIZATIONS, line:85% position:31% size:68% RESEARCH INSTITUTES IN THAT line:85% position:12% size:15% SPACE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Jenni Laidman: HAVEN'T I line:85% position:33% size:70% HEARD YOU SAY SOMETHING LIKE line:85% position:31% size:68% IT'S THE ENGINEERS THAT ARE line:85% position:33% size:70% GOING TO GIVE US THE PROBLEM line:85% position:25% size:60% SOLUTIONS IN THE FUTURE?

line:85% position:36% size:73% >> Phillip Sharp: WE WILL NOT line:85% position:50% size:80% MAKE AS MUCH PROGRESS AS WE NEED line:85% position:44% size:78% TO IF THE ENGINEERS DO NOT HELP line:85% position:44% size:78% US MANAGE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGE line:85% position:50% size:80% INFORMATION, WHICH IS JUST WHERE line:85% position:15% size:35% SCIENCE IS AT.

line:85% position:50% size:80% I MEAN LIFE SCIENCE IS A SCIENCE line:85% position:40% size:75% OF INFORMATION, AND WE NEED TO line:85% position:29% size:65% HAVE ENGINEERS TO HELP US.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman: WHAT AN line:85% position:50% size:80% INTERESTING TRAJECTORY YOUR LIFE line:85% position:13% size:20% HAS HAD: line:85% position:44% size:78% CHEMISTRY AND MATH, TO BIOLOGY, line:85% position:50% size:80% THEN YOU RAN THE MCGOVERN CENTER line:85% position:31% size:68% -- THE NEUROSCIENCE CENTER· line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YEP.

line:85% position:40% size:75% >> Jenni Laidman: AND NOW HERE line:85% position:21% size:53% YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT line:85% position:14% size:30% ENGINEERING.

line:85% position:29% size:65% YOU'VE KIND OF COVERED THE line:85% position:22% size:55% WATERFRONT ON SCIENCE.

line:85% position:31% size:68% HAVE YOU GOT ANYTHING LEFT?

line:85% position:18% size:45% I MEAN, ASTRONOMY?

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Phillip Sharp: NO, NO I DON'T line:85% position:29% size:65% THINK I'M GOING TO GO INTO line:85% position:13% size:25% ASTRONOMY.

line:85% position:29% size:65% WHAT I'M WORKING ON NOW IS line:85% position:17% size:43% MACHINE LEARNING.

line:85% position:27% size:63% >> Jenni Laidman: MACHINE line:85% position:13% size:23% LEARNING?

line:85% position:21% size:53% >> Phillip Sharp:YEP.

line:85% position:36% size:73% I THINK IT'S A VERY IMPORTANT line:85% position:20% size:50% PART OF COMPUTATION.

line:85% position:44% size:78% I MEAN, IT'S USED TO DRIVE CARS line:85% position:50% size:80% AND CONTROL WHAT YOU SEE ON YOUR line:85% position:11% size:13% IPOD.

line:85% position:36% size:73% IT IS SOMETHING THAT COULD BE line:85% position:29% size:65% USED, I THINK, TO DISCOVER line:85% position:44% size:78% THINGS IN PATTERNS OUT OF DATA.

line:85% position:44% size:78% SO I'M WORKING WITH AN ENGINEER line:85% position:40% size:75% IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AT MIT AND line:85% position:31% size:68% WITH THE LEADERSHIP AT MIT, line:85% position:44% size:78% TRYING TO CREATE MORE RESOURCES line:85% position:44% size:78% AND MOMENTUM TO BRING THAT PART line:85% position:25% size:60% OF COMPUTATION INTO LIFE line:85% position:13% size:20% SCIENCE.

line:85% position:40% size:75% YOU CAN SAY I'VE GOTTEN TO THE line:85% position:40% size:75% LEVEL IN WHICH I KNOW NOTHING· line:85% position:18% size:45% >> Jenni Laidman:.

line:85% position:13% size:25% [LAUGHING] line:85% position:20% size:50% THE PETER PRINCIPLE.

line:85% position:33% size:70% >> Phillip Sharp:·BUT I HAVE line:85% position:19% size:48% A LOT OF AUTHORITY.

line:85% position:40% size:75% I'M AT THE HEIGHT OF THE PETER line:85% position:13% size:25% PRINCIPLE.

line:85% position:50% size:80% >> Jenni Laidman: THAT'S QUITE A line:85% position:12% size:18% HEIGHT.

line:85% position:31% size:68% >> Phillip Sharp: YOU KNOW, line:85% position:40% size:75% EVERYBODY LOVES ME, BUT I KNOW line:85% position:17% size:43% NOTHING, ALRIGHT?

line:85% position:13% size:25% [APPLAUSE]