Hawaii has suffered more extinctions than almost  any place on the planet Hawaii has been called the extinction capital of the world we've lost  over 70% of our forest birds that almost almost leads you to feel like what's the point and I  don't believe that these birds deserve to be here Extinction is not something that we're  talking about dinosaurs or something in our history this is happening right now but some  of these species have been around for 5 million years why am I here at the end I don't want to  be here at the end I want them to keep going officials are working to save native  Hawaiian Birds on the brink of Extinction by targeting mosquitoes all goes back  to mosquitos so what we really want to do is control mosquito populations so  what would a mosquito free hav E look like some say that when the first Polynesians  approached I they could hear the islands before they could see them emerge on the horizon Birds  existed in the Hawaiian Islands long before people the birds in Hawaiian thought and in the Chant  of creation are in place even before the gods are birds have been here as long as there's  been Hawaii several million years and people have only been here about a thousand years as  new islands and new habitats appeared you get little EXP explosions of species that evolved and  all of that really allowed for this tremendous amount of diversification in these birds from  one ancestor we got over 50 species of wine honey creeper those birds are mentioned in songs  in chants in stories that are celebrated in hola birds were the caretakers of some of the Hawaiian  gods and the fact that birds would care for these people just as people were supposed to care for  Birds is a relationship that goes way back into the strongest and oldest stories in Hawaii birds  and Feathers were always very important to give religious and political spiritual identity in the  time of abundance the birds feathers were utilized to create these beautiful capes and helmets  and standards called kahili it was an amazing thing to see so the birds represented the kind of  abundance that the leadership of the islands were responsible for keeping in in Balance so to wear  the feathers was to indicate your connection to the universe of life around you in the islands  every person every being has a specific Spirit that's attuned to them and their mana and Feathers  is what would protect one's mana and contain it birds were the embodiment of your ancestors and  therefore they could tell you things the songs of birds or the an appearance of a brightly colored  bird would be taken as a sign of the presence of your ancestors Hawaii has so much unique habitats  people and culture and many of these birds play important roles in stories pass down through  generations but not only that they're just only from here they're part of that Hawaii identity for  millions of years the islands of Hawaii vibrated with songs of native birds then between the 3rd  and 10th centuries Polynesian explorers set eyes on these breathtaking islands and were greeted  by a sight of unparalleled Beauty they were the first humans to discover the Majestic wonders  and Abundant Life that thrived here their arrival brought new predators and changes to the landscape  but they lived with profound respect for the land and its native birds for centuries at the end end  of the 1700s Western colonizers arrived and the situation rapidly deteriorated with the removal  of forests to accommodate agriculture ranching and Urban Development this replaced the rich  bird songs with the sounds of Western progress leading to a decline in Native bird populations  in the 1800s whaling ships introduced mosquitoes to Habi ushering in a more Sinister foe these  mosquitoes quickly spread throughout Hawaiian Landscapes and facilitated the rapid spread of  bird diseases such as Aven malaria a challenge that most native Forest birds were IL equipped  to face this led to multiple extinctions and only about a third of the Native Forest bird species  survived the remaining few retreated to the cooler mosquito free Highland areas as the vibrant  sights and sounds of these birds began to fade humans attempted to fill the void with non-native  species diluting ja's unique ecology with that of other places in the 1900's conservation victories  such as preserving the Hawaiian n were dwarfed by waves of extinctions now as climate change  warms the islands Rising temperatures enable mosquitoes to ascend to higher elevations causing  the last safe habitats to shrink so with the rapid decline of safe places to live many of the few  new remaining species are now on the brink of a new wave of Extinction the loss of those  birds is something that isn't a historical thing it's happening now when I started in 2010  if you were hiking on the boardwalk in C you still had a chance of seeing an akikiki and by  the next year we couldn't see akikiki I myself have seen five or so birds that were present  when I was younger that are no longer with us the forest are silent now so we know that their  population just crashed we only have six native honey creepers left on Maui even the areas that  we work in it doesn't sound anything like it did 18 years ago when I started the forest is a lot  quieter and it it's definitely disappearing we've started to monitor them so we could begin to catch  them and collect their eggs and move everything to human care we'd find it and before we could  do anything the adult would have died and the eggs would be cold in the nest we just watched  like in real time this species going extinct in the wild in 2023 the US fish and wildlife  service formally declared eight Hawaiian bird species as extinct Hawaii has been called the  extinction capital of the world because we have had hundreds of our endemic native species  go extinct in a relatively short period of time so we know that there were over 50 species  of Honey creeper at one point throughout Hawaii to today there's only 17 remaining we just lost  eev on aahu and mokai in the last couple years we're seeing this Extinction event as an ongoing  thing this isn't something that happened sometime in the distant past this is happening right  now birds in Hawaii are obviously only found in Hawaii and nowhere else in the world and our  islands are very small so once we lose them we lose them forever knowing that their populations  are crashing and am I going to be one of the last to see these birds and hear their calls I still  remember the time I saw the last video of the kai oo and recognizing that no one would ever hear  that again we would never know what it is like to have that bird fly through the forests again  all the research that we've done it is all pointed to Aven malaria if you look around almost any  bird that you see is likely infected with Aven malaria and so there's a large Source population  for mosquitoes to become infected and in turn those mosquitoes are able to transmit malaria to  uninfected individuals there were no mosquitoes in Hawaii until the early 1800s and so that was  the first time that Hawaiian Honey creepers and other bird species had been EXP exposed to  Mosquito spread diseases in millions of years the reason Hawaiian species are susceptible and  often die when they get Aven malaria infections is that they evolved in isolation of Aven malaria we  sample the mosquitoes and the birds for AV malaria using PCR tests and we have watched the number of  birds and mosquitoes testing positive for malaria go up so we know that AV malaria is expanding  and mosquitoes are expanding more and more places around the world are seeing bigger mosquito  problems it's a potent example of climate change what we are seeing is a significant acceleration  of the warming of our islands and therefore a significant reduction in the habitat that our  forest birds have so as global temperatures warm mosquitoes are now able to survive and thrive at  increasingly higher elevations now Aven malaria is moving up slope and it's invading a lot of these  habitats that were once refuges for the native birds for kawaii for instance where the birds  have been there's a big Plateau the mosquitoes were held at a certain elevation just below that  plateau in the last few years climate change has allowed them to reach above that line and there  was no stopping them Kawaii now sees mosquitoes from sea level to Summit and that is not a safe  place for birds anymore and in the last 5 years or so the speed in which AV and malaria is moving  into these native Forest bird habitats has really accelerated a little over 10 years ago we thought  there were about 500 kbq they were seen as one of the most endangered birds on Maui those Trends  have continued when you watch that 500 become 150 become 100 you suddenly can see the end and  it becomes much more scary after 10 years years of kiwi research the only real thing we could do  at that time was to put them into new habitat and hope that we would be able to basically expand the  areas that they could survive in but unfortunately there were no other Forest areas that were aving  malaria free in these high elevation areas that we could move kiwi Q to in 2012 one of our  big projects was to reforest a part of the island in order to translocate Kiwi Q to that  side of the island so we spent about a decade rebuilding a forest almost from scratch on leward  side of Maui in nula Natural Area Reserve try not to like break the tree while we're taking them  out kiwi Q in its current range uses this plant a lot lots of heart ners HED together to fence  remove the ulet and start planting trees over there and rebuild a forest and I think for the  first let's just do the first row all right and that ends the row oh okay we decided that the for  forest was ready to sustain birds in 2019 and made a plan to move a combination of captive and wild  individuals over to nula to see how they could do in this more music habitat unfortunately not  that long after the birds had been translocated almost all of them died and they were found  to all be infected with Aven malaria that was definitely a very hopeless time once those  birds died you know everybody asked asked us well okay well what's next well you know what's  the next step in recovering kiwi we didn't have one you know that was it we we needed to build  a habitat we'd been putting everything towards translocating these birds for the past 20  years and so when that failed we really weren't sure what the next step was going to be  you know some of these birds died in people's hands watching some of those individuals die  birds that I helped catch it has not been something that I have gotten over very easily I  really underestimated the impact that might have on me because you see a bird you have a little  moment of connection when you capture that bird now they have a name essentially they have a  face and you become much more acutely aware that a species is made up of individuals they're  not numbers they're not a DOT on a graph and that has been challenging emotionally although  there's a lot of hope it's also difficult to deal with the realities of dealing with some  of these species that have so few individuals left even though those birds died um and that  project was was really hard to come back from it really made the Aven malaria crisis very tangible  for everybody everybody had been following this project had really high hopes um for nula and  to see how fast Aven malaria could move into that area and also how fast it could just wipe  out all the birds that we were translocating was really shocking to a lot of people in the last  couple of decades as the warming temperatures have allowed mosquitoes to invade the remaining  akikiki habitat has taken that population from several thousand Birds to fewer than 10 in the  wild today because of mosquito borign diseases so meanwhile in 2015 we began collecting eggs to  create an insurance population of the species in human care while we try to address this mosquito  crisis in the wild my staff who were out there day in day out getting getting to know these  birds individually they are seeing friends disappear and that's been really rough there's  this one bird named p and even though all the other birds from that field site are gone she is  somehow magically hanging in there and she built six nests last season while all the other birds  around her were disappearing and she kept going to us she single-handedly is trying to save  the species in the wild and she's still there somehow she represents what hope there is still  in this situation when I was a kid my mother would reach to me that book The Little Engine That  Could she is that little blue engine I think I can I think I can she just keeps trying and so she's  a little tiny bird trying to do the job and I just like I cannot give up while Pell is not giving  up our risks of not doing anything is our loss of our birds and so if we don't do something now  we won't be able to do something in the future to correct that error in conservation you kind  of get used to fighting against declining Trends but when you're looking at zero that's when it  really hits home and that makes it much more real we've definitely caused all these problems  and especially when you see individual birds that are affected by disease in the forest and that are  dying in the forest it's like we owe it to them to fix this Hawaiian Birds are part of Hawaii I mean  they are Hawaii essentially and when you lose them you lose that which makes Hawaii Hawaii so we  have the shared responsibility to each other and we have the shared responsibility to our Island  home which will ensure that we can all Thrive for future Generations our Focus right now is mosquito  control we can keep doing all the other things to help these birds but if we're not controlling  malaria they're going to disappear anyways if there was something that we could go out and get  all of the mosquitoes in one go I think we would definitely do that humans have been fighting  mosquitoes for centuries Millennia even and the only ways that we have really had victories  is through major landscape scale habitat change draining in entire swamps you know there are whole  ecosystems in North America that no longer exist because they were drained that's why we don't have  malaria in the United States that in addition to widescale distribution of toxicant specifically  DDT we aren't going to use that here in Hawaii because we have an incredible diversity of native  arthropods we would be killing all kinds of things that we want to protect so that's not an option  that we could live with starting actually in the early 1920s they were looking into different  forms of mosquito control and they noticed a intercellular bacteria inside this mosquito it  was first discovered in the species of mosquito that we're trying to control here it's called  wakia there is a cool bit of science that could save Hawaii's birds from mosquitoes called the  incompatible insect technique or IIT for short imagine in havayi mosquitoes have tiny puzzle  pieces inside them called wakia bacteria that exist in the reproductive organs of these  mosquitoes and a male and female mosquito need matching puzzle pieces to make baby mosquitoes  so scientists do something super smart they raise male mosquitoes with a different puzzle  piece or a different wakia string separate them from females and let them loose in the forests  the male mosquitoes can't bite and don't stay around long but they have an important job to  mate with female mosquitoes they're released in such large numbers that the wild male mosquitoes  are overwhelmed when these special males and wild females try to make baby mosquitoes their puzzle  pieces don't match and no babies are made it's a safe clever way to reduce mosquito populations  without hurting other animals or the environment and we know it's safe because various wakia  methods have been successfully protecting people from diseases carried by mosquitoes all  around the world for decades and now in Havi this tool is being used to keep native Hawaiian birds  singing and our forests thriving it is new for a conservation application so this is the first  time that wakia mosquitoes are being released for the benefit of forest Birds rather than humans  we're releasing male mosquitoes that don't bite and they don't transmit disease when you release  just the males of your new laboratory mosquitoes they go and find females or the females find them  and then she lays eggs that never hatch and if you do that over a long period of time then the  mosquito population crashes the next part of it of course is how do you get those males out there  and that's where some of the other fun comes in because where we need this mosquito control to  happen is extremely remote we don't into these places we fly in helicopters this is incredibly  difficult terrain so how do you disperse these mosquitoes in an even way across this Forest  that's super vast so we breed our wakia IIT males in a lab and they ship us approximately  500,000 male mosquitoes packaged into these little cardboard completely biodegradable pods  we then put those into a helicopter and we deploy Dey them along a grid across sites in East Maui  native bird habitat twice a week right now we're only able to control mosquitoes on about 3,000  acres and so as the project expands and we want to be able to cover more and more native habitat  that's just going to mean more helicopter flights more mosquitoes more time sprinkling these  insects all over the landscape so that they have the opportunity to breed with the females  in the wild this project is a partnership known as birds not mosquitoes and it is a group of both  federal state and nonprofit organizations working together to help protect the native Forest birds  from going extinct it is a big project and it does sound pretty abstract and maybe a little crazy  to save little tiny Forest birds and there has been opposition to this project they have tried  to prevent it from going forward an environmental group takes legal action against the state land  Department over plans to control Maui's mosquito population they don't want the state releasing  millions of mosquitoes in an effort to save native Hawaiian Birds it does sound kind of crazy you  know we're going to breed millions of mosquitoes and every week we're going to throw half a million  mosquitoes out of a helicopter maybe that is kind of hard for some people to swallow but if there  was an easier way to do this like we would be doing it there have been countless Brilliant Minds  that have been thinking very deeply about this malaria problem for a very long time and there  are not a suite of tools on the table that we can choose from right now there is one tool and  we are trying to adapt that tool to make it work while in the meantime there's also lots of other  research and development trying to give us more tools to use in the future wakia IAT has been  used for decades all over the world and we know that it's safe so we'll know if it's working  because we've set up traps and we anticipate seeing a reduction in the mosquito populations in  those areas our biggest challenge is going to be can we implement it on a big enough scale can  we really do this at a large enough landscape level scale to save all the species that we have  left the only thing more tragic than losing these species is to have lost them and done nothing to  try to prevent it I am completely terrified of having Hawaiian Forest devoid of Hawaiian Forest  birds that is the consequence we at all costs need to avoid a lot of us conservationists we deal  with a lot of gloom and doom but if I didn't believe it was possible to turn this around I  would be doing something else I have to believe that it's possible to change this as long as  we don't give up we can turn things around the mosquito control is so hopeful cuz it feels like  such a big bold new thing combating the problem that we've known was there the whole time but  didn't have ability to fight it the vision is that you walk out of your door in Hawaii and you  see a native Forest bird you don't have to go up to the alakai you enjoy Forest birds from your  door because we have control all these threats Hawaii before pest like ants and cockroaches and  centipedes and mosquitoes was truly a paradise not only that the birds are thriving and are  occupying the forest that they belong in but that life in the islands would be that much  closer to the paradise that it once was mosquito free hawwaii to me means by reducing something  that brings me annoyance can also help be that hope to keep these birds here so that they  don't disappear having their chorus Be filling the soundscape of hav again I want to have that  cacophony of bird song in my backyard that the first Hawaiians once heard when they approached  Hawaii i' like to see the honey creepers as much as we see pigeons and minor birds around here  if we were able to eliminate all mosquitoes I think it would be safer for humans and a lot  of other species as well I would love that to happen because if mosquito are gone these honey  creepers can come down from the mountains I'd feel happy because the honey creepers would be  able to fly safe saving the honey creepers is really a matter of saving the culture of Hawaii  and the humanity of Hawaii if we can bring back these species from the brink of Extinction  that gives hope not just for the species but it also means that we have the potential to do  so much other conservation work here in Hawaii and around the world seeing the joy that hearing  what a e Eevee sounds like to second graders that brings me hope the Eevee kind of says its own  name they would probably just leave out the w kind of like that also our younger generation  at second grade are taking it up we're here to talk to you about help for honey creepers they're  going to the legislature talking in front of our Representatives thank you for your consideration  Mah if we all do our little part in our own little space those all kind of come together as a whole  if we ignore that and just say oh somebody else is going to do it if we think of it that way  we're never going to help as our Kona always taught us we always leave someplace better than  when we arrived I think that applies beyond that Extinction capital of the world I would hope that  we could be known as the capital that rises to that challenge and that brings full expression  of our value of malama can we be a place that we are known for the way in which we care for our  homeland so maybe maybe we are the Mal capital of the world Avan malaria and the loss of haai forest  Birds and the loss of birds on Maui is just one of the bigger things that are in our total Global  disasters that are facing us but what we're doing here can save that species or turn around the  health of our forests and that is very tangible I can't solve climate change on a global scale but  the things that we do here have a huge impact on the species that we're working on and it really  is in our hands to either succeed or fail it means if we can succeed then we have those species  Left For Better or Worse that might be a lot of pressure but people couldn't do it if they didn't  care though I mean I have these amazing teams of people just working so hard and I mean risking  their lives on a daily basis to try to save Birds and some people might think that's really crazy  but they also truly believe they're doing it to make Hawaii and Maui and the world and  everything a place that the rest of us want to live and have a future for we really  want these birds to be there for our children [Music] [Music]