- Hi scholars, welcome to second grade on "Read, Write, Roar."

Today our big question is, what processes change the Earth?

Today we are going to work on reading and writing words with the T-H-R word part and we're going to listen to a nonfiction book about earthquakes and other eruptions and how they can change the Earth.

Hm, so go ahead and get your paper and something to write with and let's get ready to read, write, roar.

(bright music) (lion roars) Hi scholars, I'm Mrs. Z-K, and today we are going to read and write words with T-H-R. T-H-R is part of a word that makes the thr sound.

It's really hard to say because you have to cut off because there's not a vowel sound in this.

Can you try to say that, thr?

Yeah, thr, thr.

So, when we're working through words, I have a word here.

This word is throb.

And for something to throb, you might hit it on something like oh, ow, I just stubbed my toe.

And you can feel the throbbing in your toe which means you can feel the pulse or the beat.

That's what it means for something to throb.

Well, today I need you to get your paper and pencil ready because we're actually going to write words with T-H-R.

I have some clues here and we're gonna figure out what kind of word might it be if it starts with T-H-R. Are you ready, scholars?

Here's clue number one.

To pitch a ball, you it.

Hm, what do we do when we pitch a ball?

Throw, let's write that down on our paper.

We know it starts with T-H-R, throw.

O, the long O sound in this word is gonna be O-W.

Throw, to pitch a ball is to throw it.

Nice work, scholars.

Let's do clue number two.

A number that comes after one, two.

Oh that was an easy one, huh?

Three, let's write that word down.

Now that word also starts with T-H-R, three.

We have a long E sound which is made by double Es.

And that word is three.

One, two, three.

(giggles) All right, clue number three.

It was such a to ride the rollercoaster.

Oh, that's a harder one.

It was such a to ride the rollercoaster.

When something is really exciting for you, it can be a thrill.

Thrill, let's write that word down on our paper.

We know it starts with T-H-R, ill. E, short I, ll.

And that ll sound is made by double Ls.

T-H-R-I-L-L, thrill.

Now you can use that sometime.

It was such a thrill to come to your party.

It's when something's exciting for you.

All right, clue number four.

A king sits in a special chair.

That chair is called a... Do you know what that kind of chair is called?

Hm...

It's called a throne, a throne.

T-H-R-O-N-E. Throne.

It has the long O sound.

Yeah, fancy chair.

You're good, scholars?

Good, let's keep going.

Clue number five.

Airplanes can fly straight clouds.

Hm, airplanes can fly straight thr clouds.

What do they do?

Straight through the clouds, they do, because clouds are just air and the plane just goes straight through them.

(giggles) Now through is spelled kinda fancy.

T-H-R-O-U-G-H.

I know, through, just make the U sound, huh?

Through.

All right.

Clue number six.

Someone who sews will use a needle and to stitch a sweater.

You're going to use a needle and?

Thread.

T-H-R, make sure you're writing with me, ead.

T-H-R-E-A-D, thread.

I use needle and thread to sew.

(giggles) And our last word, scholars.

Clue number seven.

I was nervous and had to clear my (clears throat) before I began my speech.

Oh.

What might you clear up before you start giving your speech?

Your what?

Your throat, you're right, let's write that word down.

Again it starts with T-H-R. Throat, long O sound is made with the O-A, and then the T. Throat.

Awesome work, scholars.

Let's reread all these new words that we wrote down.

We have throw.

Three.

Thrill, ah.

(giggles) Throne, fancy chair.

Through.

Thread.

And (clears throat) throat.

Nice work, scholars.

All right, scholars, now we're going to move into some alliteration.

Can you say that word?

Alliteration, nice.

Do you know what alliteration is?

Well, alliteration is when you have two or more words close together that start with the same sound.

Mmhmm, so we're gonna look at some examples here, we have a couple of sentences.

And so in these sentences the words that are close together are all going to start with the same sound.

Let's see if we can figure that out.

You ready?

All right, let's read this sentence.

We have Lucky Luke loved lemonade.

Lucky Luke loved lemonade?

I like lemonade too.

(giggles) What sound do you continue to hear as we read the sentence?

Lucky Luke loved lemonade.

You're right, you keep on hearing the L sound.

Lucky Luke loved lemonade.

That is an example of alliteration.

Let's try another one.

Let's read this sentence down here.

Chad and Chelsey chewed cherries.

Hmm.

Do you hear a sound over and over as I read that sentence?

Chad and Chelsey chewed cherries.

What sound are you hearing?

Ch, ch, nice.

Ch Chad and ch Chelsey ch chewed ch cherries.

Nice work, scholars.

All right, scholars.

I've put some of our T-H-R words back on the board.

Now that we have heard and seen what some alliteration looks like and sounds like, let's see if we can make one of our own.

What words do we have up here?

Thread.

Like a needle and thread.

Three.

And through.

How could we make this into a sentence that would make sense?

What could we say?

I know that thread can go through a needle.

Hmm.

What could we use three for?

Oh, yeah, what about three threads?

Okay, so let's say three threads through the needle.

I think that's pretty good, scholars, let's reread that.

We have three threads through the needle.

Yeah, and the threads go through the needle.

Nice work, scholars.

T-H-R is a difficult one to do.

Maybe you should try doing some alliteration of your own.

Maybe you could use your name and then think of what other words start with the same sound as your name.

Can you make it into a sentence with alliteration?

(gentle music) - Hi scholars, I'm Mrs. Fuller.

Today we're gonna be reading a book called "Earthquakes, Eruptions, and Other Events "that Change Earth."

Written by Natalie Hyde and read with permission from the Crabtree Publishing Company.

As we read today I'd like us to focus on our big question, which is, what processes change the Earth?

Let's get started: Planet of change.

Earth's surface is always changing.

Most of these changes happen slowly.

They can take hundreds or even thousands of years.

Some changes, however, happen quickly.

In fact, Earth's surface can change in a matter of minutes, hours or days.

The movement of water causes changes to rocks on the coast.

Big changes.

Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis, can happen without warning.

They can change Earth's surface in a big way very quickly.

An earthquake's shaking can create large holes or cracks in the land.

A volcano's hot lava can create new landforms when cooled.

The wall of water from a tsunami can destroy forests, roads and buildings.

Layers.

Earth is not a solid ball.

If you were to cut our planet open, you would see it is made up of four layers.

The inner core is at the center.

It is a solid ball of metal.

Around this inner core is the outer core.

This layer is liquid metal.

The next layer is called the mantle.

The mantle is made of solid rock and minerals.

The top layer is the crust.

Rocky crust.

The crust is the thinnest layer.

It is made of rock.

This is the layer that we live on.

Rocks and minerals in the crust are shaped into landforms.

Low landforms fill with water to make lakes, rivers, and oceans.

Earth's processes are always at work changing the crust.

That last sentence goes well with our big question, so I went and had it added to our chart for today.

Earth's processes are always at work changing the crust.

As I continue to read we're gonna listen for four processes that change the Earth: Earthquakes.

Earth's crust is divided into plates.

A plate is a huge sheet of rock.

The plates fit together like big puzzle pieces to form the surface.

The plates are moving and rubbing against each other very slowly.

Sometimes the edge of one plate is pushed under another.

This causes an earthquake.

During an earthquake, the ground shakes suddenly.

Earth's crust is made up of a few large plates and many smaller plates.

Earth's plates can also push together and cause the rock to bend and fold.

This process can create mountains.

Moving and shaking.

Earthquakes happen around the world every day.

Most are not strong enough to cause any damage.

Some, however, can cause the ground to shake violently.

During these strong earthquakes, buildings can crumble and fall, and roads can crack and split.

We're gonna add earthquakes to our first spot as one of the processes that change the Earth.

Landslides.

During a landslide, rocks and soil suddenly break loose and slide down hills or mountains.

Landslides can happen for different reasons.

Rivers can eat away at the base of hills and mountains, causing the earth above to fall.

Heavy rains can also cause landslides when wet soil turns to mud.

The slippery mud will then move downhill quickly.

Earthquakes can shake rocks and loose soil and cause a landslide.

Slipping and sliding.

Landslides can be as small as a few large rocks rolling down a hill.

They can also be as large as the whole side of a mountain sliding away.

The biggest landslides can move a lot of ground very quickly.

They change the shape and size of landforms.

They fill valleys with soil and rocks.

Landslides can happen underwater too.

Dirt and rocks in landslides can move as fast as a car on a city street.

So let's add landslides to our chart.

Volcanoes.

A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust where hot, melted rock and ash from inside Earth erupts, or shoots out.

Some eruptions happen once every few years and last only a couple of hours.

Other volcanoes continue erupting for weeks, months, or even years.

Melting rocks.

Volcanoes reshape Earth's surface.

When the lava shoots out of the volcano, it flows down the sides and over the land below.

The lava is so hot that it can melt rock.

Boulders and hills can melt away.

When the lava cools, it hardens into new rock.

The new rock is full of minerals.

After a few years, the new rock breaks down and turns into rich farmland.

A large flat area of cooled lava is called a lava field.

Volcanic islands.

Volcanoes can create new islands.

When a volcano erupts, lava flows out of it.

Some volcanoes erupt underwater.

As they erupt over and over, the lava cools and builds up a cone-shaped mountain around the opening.

When the mountain gets big enough it breaks through the surface of the water, creating an island.

Making islands.

The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic islands found in the Pacific Ocean.

The islands are the peaks of large mountains formed under the ocean by volcanic eruptions.

Some Hawaiian Island volcanoes are no longer erupting.

Others are still active and creating new land.

So let's add volcano to our list.

Tsunamis.

A tsunami is a giant wave.

Tsunamis are caused by changes in the ocean floor.

Underwater earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions can all cause tsunamis.

The force from these natural disasters can make the water rise.

This will start a wave that speeds through the water until it reaches land.

Wall of water.

A tsunami is one of the most damaging forces on Earth.

It can race toward land as fast as a jet plane.

It can wipe out villages and even islands.

It can move soil and rock as much as 620 miles.

Tsunamis are strong enough to move huge ships onto land.

Let's add tsunami.

And I wanna show you the word tsunami, if you noticed, it starts with a T but the T is silent.

Tsunami, it starts with an S sound.

Building up and tearing down.

Earth's processes can build up and tear down landforms.

Landslides change the shape of hills and mountains.

Tsunamis eat away at the land along the coast.

Volcanoes build up Earth's surface and earthquakes tear it down.

Our changing Earth.

These changes can threaten the lives of people, plants and animals.

But they are also a chance for new life to grow.

New landforms become homes for plants and animals.

New mineral-rich soil produces food to feed people around the world.

On the job.

Scientists have a lot to learn about Earth's processes.

Seismologists are people who study earthquakes.

They want to learn when and where earthquakes will happen.

Volcanologists are people who study volcanoes.

They are looking for signs of a coming eruption.

They study the buildup of pressure under the ground.

Discovering new information about natural disasters can help save people's lives.

Today's we read about "Earthquakes, Eruptions, "and Other Events that Change Earth."

Remember our big question.

What processes change the Earth?

Today we learned about four processes.

Let's read those together.

Earthquake.

Landslide.

Volcano.

Tsunami with a silent T. Also, Earth's processes are always at work changing the crust.

I'd like you to help me figure out which of my definition cards go with which of the processes.

I'll read the card and you help me figure out where it goes.

Rocks and soil suddenly break loose and slide down hills or mountains.

Which process do you think that is?

Right, landslide.

A sudden and violent shaking of the ground sometimes causing great destruction.

Where do you think that might go?

Earthquake, right.

A giant wave of water caused by an earthquake, landslide or volcanic eruption on the ocean floor.

Right, we know a giant wave of water would be a tsunami.

An opening in the Earth's crust where hot, melted rock and ash from inside Earth erupts or shoots out.

We know that an eruption is from a volcano.

Which is more dangerous, slow changes to Earth's surface or quick changes, and why?

Go ahead and say your answer out loud.

Good answers.

We're gonna write our answer to those questions using information from the book.

I know that to start my answer I need to restate the question.

Let's do that first.

Which is more dangerous, slow changes to Earth's surface or quick changes, and why?

Quick changes to Earth's surface are more dangerous.

Big changes.

Natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis can happen without warning.

They can change Earth's surface in a big way very quickly.

An earthquake's shaking can create large holes or cracks in the land.

A volcano's hot lava can create new landforms when cooled.

The wall of water from a tsunami can destroy forests, roads, and buildings.

Natural disasters can be very dangerous for people and animals.

What information should we add to our answer?

That sounds good.

Natural disasters, and our book says earthquake, landslide, volcano and tsunami, can happen without warning.

People and animals may not have time to get to safety.

Let's look for one more bit of information.

Our changing Earth.

These changes can threaten the lives of people, plants and animals.

In 2015, a strong earthquake shook the country of Nepal.

The shaking tore down buildings and destroyed roads.

Rocks and soil buried villages.

What would you like to add to our answer?

I like that.

Buildings, homes and roads can be destroyed.

People, plants, and animals might be in danger.

Which is more dangerous, slow changes to Earth's surface or quick changes, and why?

Quick changes to Earth's surface are more dangerous.

Natural disasters can happen without warning.

People and animals may not have time to get to safety.

And I see where I made a mistake.

I forgot to make that a T. Good thing we're reading over it.

Buildings, homes, and roads can be destroyed.

People, plants, and animals might be in danger.

Thank you for your help.

Great job, scholars, and thank you for learning with us today.

I'd like you to think about the four processes that we learned about and how might those processes be the same and how might those processes be different.

I'll see you next time on "Read, Write, Roar."

- [Announcer] This program is made possible in part by the Michigan Department of Education, the State of Michigan, and the WK Kellogg Foundation.

Additional support by and by viewers like you, thank you.

(bright music)