- Hi, scholars.

Welcome to second grade on Read, Write, Roar!

Today, our big question is, what processes change the Earth?

Today, we're going to read, write, and sort words with the -dge sound.

We're also going to listen to a non-fiction book about water, wind, and ice and how it can change the earth.

So go ahead and get your paper and something to write with, and let's get ready to Read, Write, Roar!.

- [Sponsor] The program is made possible in part by the Michigan department of education, the state of Michigan, and the W.K.

Kellogg foundation.

Additional support by: and by viewers like you!

Thank you!

(Cheery music begins) (Lion roars) (Lion roars) - Hi scholars.

I'm Mrs. Z-K and today, we are going to work on reading, writing, and sorting words with the -dge sound.

One way to spell the -dge sound is with a D-G-E I know, right?

Three letters, all making one sound.

- dge Well, let's talk about when we use D-G-E D-G-E usually comes at the end of a word, not at the beginning and always comes right after a short vowel sound.

Let's remind ourselves about what those short vowel sounds are.

(Mrs. Z-K pronounces short-vowels) Nice, those are short vowel sounds.

So when we hear a short vowel sound, and then we hear the -dge sound, we'll know that we most likely will use the D-G-E spelling pattern.

Let's look at a couple of examples.

I have D-G-E right here and we have a word that's gonna actually start with the short vowel sound.

(Mrs. Z-K pronounces short e sound) And then we have - dge.

(Mrs. Z-K pronounces edge) What word?

Edge!

Like, the edge of a paper.

You gotta be really careful.

Don't get a paper cut.

Yeah, the edge.

Well, now we have a word.

Here's our short vowel sound, (Mrs. Z-K sounds out fudge) Fudge.

Fudge is a type of, like, dessert or treat that you could make.

Yeah, it's pretty good.

So now you know that when we use D-G-E spelling pattern, usually comes at the end of the word and right after that short vowel sound.

Another way to spell the -dge sound is with G-E. G-E also makes the -dge sound.

G-E will come right after a long vowel sound.

Long vowels are (Mrs. Z-K pronounces long vowels, AEIOU) and -u And so, when we notice the word has a long vowel sound instead of a short vowel sound, if it has a long vowel sound, we're just going to use G-E. Let's look at an example.

Here's a word.

And this is a long vowel sound, (Mrs. Z-K pronounces long A sound) So our word is (Mrs. Z-K sounds out page) Page!

Yeah, like a page in a book.

Or, I'm writing these words on a page.

Another reason we would use G-E for the -dge sound.

Not only would we use it if there's a long vowel sound before the -dge, but also if there's a consonant.

Yeah!

So consonant, if you remember, are all the other letters in the alphabet that are not vowels.

So if the word, when you say the word and you hear a vowel sound, you have to determine, is it short or long?

But if you hear a consonant right before the -dge, then you know: "Oh, well I know I'm gonna use G-E." Let's look at an example for that one.

I have here a blend.

Okay, and there's my consonant before the -dge sound.

We have (Mrs. Z-K sounds out change) Change!

Like you might get change back When you go to a store.

You give them money, they give you your change.

But when you hear the -n, that's the consonant before the - dge sound.

Alright?

So G-E is used with long vowel sounds before the -dge or consonants before the -dge.

Last way to spell the -dge sound.

Of course!

The letter J makes the -dge sound, but J almost never comes at the end of the word.

So just like we talked about D-G-E and G-E coming at the end of the word or syllable, J won't do that.

J usually comes at the beginning of the word, like in jump or j- jam.

Yeah.

You might jump for some jam.

I don't know, maybe.

Well, scholars, that was a quick introduction of three different ways to spell the -dge sound.

I think we need to do some practice.

Can you go ahead and get your paper?

Nice!

On your paper, can you go ahead and draw two lines going straight down, making three columns.

On your columns.

You're going to go ahead and write D-G-E, G-E, and then J.

So your paper will look like what I have here on the board.

We're going to have some words to read and sort.

Once you know where the word goes, Go ahead and write it down on your paper.

Yeah, that'll be fun.

Alright, scholars, let's start with our first word.

Let's look at it.

What do you notice?

Yeah.

This word has G-E.

Remember, G-E is used, I see a vowel, after a long vowel sound.

So we know this A going to say (Mrs. Z-K pronounces long A sound) we have (Mrs. Z-K sounds out cage) Cage!

Yeah, where are you going to write this word?

Of course, under G-E. A cage is something you might have at home.

If you have a pet, what kind of pets do you know sleep in cages?

Birds.

Hamsters.

Yeah.

Even puppies.

Nice work.

Alright, let's do our next word.

What do you notice about this word?

The -dge is at the beginning.

Only one choice for that one, huh?

(Mrs. Z-K pronounces jog) Jog!

When you jog, it's when you're not really running your fastest.

But you're kinda just running at a steady pace.

That's right.

Jog under our J column.

Here's our next word.

Are you noticing what kind of a -dge sound is in this word?

Or I should say, do you notice what kind of spelling pattern is in this word?

The D-G-E. Yeah, we're going to rank this word under D-G-E. Let's figure out what it is.

Well, we know we used D-G-E when there's a short vowel sound so: (Mrs. Z-K sounds out dodge) Dodge!

Dodge, you might dodge so you don't get hit and dodge ball like: Yeah, I had to dodge that ball!

I don't want it to hit me.

Dodge under D-G-E. Nice work, scholars.

Scholars, we're getting a little tricky here.

I have more words, but they're incomplete.

Let me show you what I mean.

Oh, like this word.

It's missing its -dge sound.

We have to figure out how to spell the -dge sound in this word.

This word is a synonym for big or enormous.

The word is huge.

Yeah, what sound do you hear right before the -dge?

Huge.

Huge.

- u.

What kind of a vowel sound is that?

A long vowel sound!

So what kind of spelling pattern should -dge be?

G-E. Nice.

Let's go ahead and write that down.

H-U G-E, huge.

Let's do our next word.

This is when you might tell a funny knock, knock.

The word is joke.

- dge is at the beginning.

What spelling pattern should we use?

The J, you're absolutely right.

Let's write joke.

Under our column, J. J-oke.

(Mrs. Z-K sounds out potential word) This word is something that goes over water to connect two pieces of land.

It's called a bridge!

In the word bridge, what sound do you hear right before the -dge?

(Mrs. Z-K pronounces short I sound) Which is a short vowel sound, remember?

Short vowel gets all three letters for the -dge sound.

Yeah, let's write bridge under D-G-E. Have you ever been to Mackinaw bridge?

Well, let me tell you, Michigan, Michigan has a lower peninsula, and it also has an upper peninsula, right?

There's water in between these two pieces of land.

So there's a Mackinaw bridge that connects the lower peninsula to the upper peninsula.

It's pretty cool.

It's just under five miles long right here in Michigan.

Alright, here's my last word scholars.

And this is a exercise you can do.

This word is lunge.

What sound do you hear right before the -dge sound?

Lunge, (Mrs. Z-K pronounces consonant) - n is a consonant.

That's a consonant sound.

So what spelling pattern do we use when we have a consonant sound right before the -dge?

The G-E. Yup, it comes right after a consonant sound.

Let's go ahead and write G-E on that word, lunge.

Here's what a lunge looks like.

Awesome work, scholars.

Well, let's reread our words that we wrote.

We know that we use D-G-E at the end of a word or end of a syllable, and it comes right after a short vowel sound.

What words do we have?

Dodge, bridge!

Nice!

We use G-E as a spelling pattern when the -dge sound comes right after a long vowel.

Or when it comes right after a consonant sound.

What words do we have?

Cage, huge, lunge.

Nice.

And then we have our letter J, which usually doesn't come at the end of the word.

We usually see it at the beginning of a word, like in the word, jog and joke.

Nice work scholars.

You know what you should do?

You should start thinking of words that have -dge sounds in them and say, "What spelling pattern would I use to write this word down?"

I bet you can come up with lots.

Hi scholars!

I'm Mrs. Fuller.

Today, we're going to be reading a book called "How do Wind and Water Change Earth?"

written by Natalie Hyde and read with permission from the Crabtree Publishing Company.

As we read today, I would like us to focus on two questions.

The first is our big question.

What processes change the Earth?

The second is the question from the title of the book.

How do wind and water change Earth?

Let's get started!

Our changing Earth.

Earth is always on the move.

Some forces are building up new landforms.

Other forces are wearing them down.

Wind, water, and ice can break large landforms Into small pieces.

This process is called weathering.

Some changes happen quickly.

Other changes happen slowly.

Weathering is a slow process.

Bit by Bit.

Slow changes are hard to see.

Mountains might take thousands of years to wear away.

Only a few small rocks might break off each year.

A river can change its course over time.

This would be hard to notice, since it might only move one inch every few years.

Water can freeze in the cracks of huge rocks.

Over time, ice can break the rocks apart into small pieces.

So the first process that we just learned called weathering.

Weathering is when when water and ice can break large landforms into small pieces.

And I've underlined word, break, as our key word to help us remember weathering.

Wind Erosion.

Air that moves is called wind.

Wind can be gentle like a breeze.

It can also be very strong in a storm.

The sun warms the air.

Warm air is lighter than cold air.

Warm air rises and cold air rushes in to replace it.

This is what makes wind blow.

Moving Earth.

Wind can pick up and move tiny bits of rock and soil.

Sometimes, it can carry these pieces long distances before dropping them.

Moving material from one place to another is called erosion.

So our second process, erosion, is when wind, water and ice can pick up and move tiny bits of rock and soil from one place to another.

And I've underlined the word, move, as our key word to help us remember erosion.

Wind Weathering.

The tiny bits of sand and rock carried by the wind can also blow against landforms.

This can cause other pieces of rock to break off.

When this happens, it is known as wind weathering.

The blowing pieces of rock wear away at the landform like sand paper.

Some rocks could be weathered until they are smooth and flat Sandstorms happen when strong winds can carry large amounts of sand in the air.

And I have two pieces of sandpaper.

When you rub them together, they sound like this.

(Mrs. Fuller rubs sandpaper together) So when sand is blown against a landform, it can wear away bits of the landform.

That's weathering.

Shaped by the Wind.

The wind can not lift bits of sand and rock very high.

So, they weather huge rocks near the ground.

This can create strangely shaped rocks.

The rocks become narrow at the bottom, but stay wide at the top.

Water.

Water covers almost three quarters of Earth.

It flows through rivers and streams and falls to the ground as rain or snow.

As it moves, it changes Earth's surface.

Moving water wears away the rocks and soil it flows over and also picks up and carries bits of soil, sand, and rocks, and drops them in new places.

Water moves more earth than any other process.

So we just read that the Earth is covered.

Three-fourths with water and one fourth with land Fast Water.

The faster the water moves, the more material it carves out.

Streams are small bodies of moving water.

They wear away channels over many years.

Floods can make big changes to Earth's surface quickly.

Floodwaters can move huge rocks long distances.

They can carve out new channels in a few hours.

Oceans and Tides.

An ocean is a huge body of salt water.

Oceans are always moving.

The water level on the shore rises and falls.

This is called the tide.

As the tide goes in and out, it can bring sand and rocks with it.

Tides move material slowly.

Over time though, rocks and sand can travel a long distance.

Wave Power.

Wind blowing over the surface of the water creates waves.

Ocean waves pound rocks on the shore.

The pounding slowly breaks them down into tiny grains of sand.

The sand builds up to form beaches.

Beach sand can be many different colors.

The color depends on what kinds of rock and minerals were weathered to make it.

Rivers and Streams.

A river or stream is fresh water that flows across the Earth's surface.

Streams often empty into rivers and rivers empty into lakes or oceans.

As they flow, rivers and streams carve out channels or canyons.

They remove soil and sand and carry it long distances.

In the picture, you can see that the Colorado river has been carving out the Grand Canyon for millions of years.

Sandbars.

Rivers and streams drop the material they carry wherever this water slows down.

This creates new landforms.

A pile of sand in a river or along a shore is called a sandbar.

Sandbars can move if the flow of water changes.

Water from the Sky.

Water can fall from clouds as rain, hail, or snow.

Every time water hits the surface, it can cause changes.

Raindrops gather chemicals from the air.

These chemicals eat away at Earth's surface after it rains.

Rain can also seep into cracks and rocks.

When the rain freezes, it changes to ice and expands.

This can cause the rock to break into pieces.

Over a long period of time, Raindrops can carve out holes in solid rock, Sliding Away.

When rain hits soil or sand.

it can turn them into mud.

Muddy soil can begin to move and slide.

The more rain that falls, the looser the soil becomes.

An entire side of a mountain can slide away if the soil gets too wet.

This is called a landslide.

Frozen Water.

In areas with cold temperatures, water freezes into a solid.

Snow, hail, and ice are all types of frozen water.

Snow does not melt at the top of the highest mountain.

Layers of snow build up.

They become so heavy, they press the bottom layers into ice.

The ice begins to slowly slide down the mountain like a river.

A frozen river of ice is called a glacier.

Ice Carving.

Glaciers are very heavy.

They carve out valleys as they move.

Everything in their path is pushed ahead of them.

Piles of soil and rock are moved by the glacier.

They create new landforms when the glacier melts Studying Changes.

Scientists are trying to learn more about erosion and weathering.

Some experts are looking at how water moves sand and soil along shorelines.

This will help them plan ahead for changes.

They want to protect homes for birds and other animals.

They also want to avoid dangers for ships, such as moving sandbars.

Waves from strong storms can wash away beach sand.

Today, we read about the processes of weathering and erosion.

Those are two processes that change the Earth.

Weathering is when wind, water, and ice break away pieces of the Earth.

And erosion is when wind, water, and ice move bits of sand and soil from one place to another.

What do you think?

What changes can rain cause to Earth's surface?

We're going to write out an answer to that question using information that we read in the book today.

I know that when I start my answer, I need to use words from the question or reword the question to start my answer.

Let's do that.

What changes can rain cause to Earth's surface?

Rain can cause a lot of changes to Earth's surface.

Every time water hits the surface, it can cause changes.

Raindrops gather chemicals from the air.

These chemicals eat away at Earth's surface after it rains.

What did you just hear that we could add to our answer?

That's right!

Rain brings chemicals to the Earth that eat away at the surface.

Rain can also seep into cracks and rocks.

When the rain freezes, it changes to ice and expands.

This can cause the rock to break into pieces.

What else did you hear that we could add to our answer?

Very good!

Rain gathers in cracks and freezes.

This causes the Earth to break into pieces.

When rain hits soil or sand, it can turn them into mud.

Muddy soil can begin to move and slide.

The more rain that falls, the looser the soil becomes.

What's the last bit of information that you'd like to add to our answer?

I like it!

Rain can loosen the soil, causing it to move or erode away.

Let's read our answer together.

What changes can rain cause to Earth's surface?

Rain can cause a lot of changes to Earth's surface.

Rain brings chemicals to the Earth that eat away at the surface.

Rain gathers in cracks and freezes.

This causes the Earth to break into pieces.

Rain can loosen the soil, causing it to move or erode away.

Thank you for learning with us today and look around you for examples of weathering and erosion and think about: Were they caused by water, wind, or ice?

I'll see you next time on Read, Write, Roar!

- [Sponsor] This program is made possible in part by the Michigan Department of Education, the state of Michigan, and the W.K.

Kellogg foundation, Additional support by: and by viewers like you!

Thank you!

(upbeat acoustic music plays)