- Magic is creating the illusion that you can defy the laws of nature.

(upbeat music) (children laughin (applause) - [Narrator] Magic is creating the illusion that you can defy the laws of na - Science is the study of how the natural world works.

This, is science.

(cheering) (upbeat jazz music) (clapping and cheering) Fractions are very magical.

Anytime you see a number written with a line in the middle like this, it's a fraction.

This fraction is called one four Let me show you what the numbers I'm going to cut or partition th into four equal pieces or parts.

Fractions are same sized pieces of something.

The bottom number in a fraction how many equal parts there are.

That bottom number is called the denominator.

- I am the Denominator!

I am am the bottom number!

- That guy is unique.

I've got a pizza.

My pizza is cut into four equal pieces.

So the bottom number, the denominator, in this case is fou One piece of this pizza is one f It's written like this.

This fraction is called one fourth.

Any fraction with a whole number on the bottom and a one on the top are called unit fractions.

This is a unit fraction.

It is one fourth of a pizza.

Two pieces are two fourths.

Three pieces are three fourths, and four pieces are four fourths If someone ate a piece of this p there would be three fourths lef The denominator, the bottom number, would stay the same.

I have three fourths of a pizza As you can see, all of the pieces are the same size.

They are equal.

When they stay e the bottom number stays the same.

So I'll count them again.

This is one fourth, two fourths, three fourths four fourths.

Anytime the top number and the bottom number are the same, you've got the whole thing: four The top and the bottom numbers are the same.

I have a whole pizza.

Four fourths equals one whole pizza!

I have another way to look at it that might help.

I have one pizza.

I want to give each of my four friends an equal piece of pizza.

One divided by four equals one f See, each of my friends gets an equal piece.

Each piece is equal to one fourth, which is written as one over four: a unit fraction, one See?

Everyone gets pizza!

Ah, everyone except me.

I should have cut it into fifths and I probably need better friends.

Nah, it's okay.

Everyone loves p Time for some more pizza.

This time I've cut the pizza into three equal pieces.

So the bottom number, it's calle - I am the Denominator!

I am the bottom number!

- Yep, it's the denominator.

Remember that the denominator always matches the total number of equal pieces in the wh So, if you take a look at this p there are three pieces.

The denominator is 1, 2, 3.

It's three.

The bottom number, the denominator is three.

We're talking about fractions, and the bottom number is three.

We call it a third.

One piece of this pizza is one third and one third because it has a whole number on the bottom, and a one on the top is called a unit frac Add another one third and you have two thirds.

Add another, and you'd have thre When a top and bottom number mat you've got the whole pizza.

Three thirds equals one whole pizza, a three on the top and a three on the bottom.

It's a whole pizza.

You know the bottom number has a - I am the Denominator!

I am the bottom number.

- Now, it is with great pleasure introduce you to the top number.

It's the numerator.

- Good day.

I am the Numerator.

I'm always the number on the top of a fraction.

- Bottom number is - The Denominator!

I am the bott - Let's do another pizza fraction.

Oh yeah, another pizza Pizza might be my favorite food of all time.

Before I cut this pizza, I'm gonna confess, I'm going to try to trick you a little.

I'm going to cut the pizza into two pieces.

So you would expect the denomina - The Denominator!I...I am the bottom number!

- Thank you, Mr. Denominator.

He's getting a little annoying.

I'm cutting the pizza into two p so you'd expect the denominator - Did someone say my name?

- No.

No, I don't think so.

Let me cut this pizza.

There are two pieces of the whole pizza, so you might think the bottom number should be two, but are these pieces equal?

Nope So for the bottom number to be t these pieces would have to be eq If the denominator was two, we would say the fraction is one half.

But you can see that piece is not one half of the pizza.

If I said, let's share, but I cut this pizza into two pieces to share it, you'd know that wasn't fair.

One piece is much bigger than th So that is not one half.

Let's put this one back together and we can start again.

I karate chopped this pizza this time into equal pieces.

That's better.

Now we have two equal pieces.

So, the denominator - The Denominator, I am the bott - Thank you Denominator.

So the bottom number in this fraction is two.

So the top number for this piece - One.

The top number is one.

And as Steve has told you, because the numerator is one, and the bottom number is the number of pieces in a whole pizza, this is another unit fraction.

The Numerator, I am the top numb - Thank you, Numerator.

This fraction is written like th and it is called one half.

When you add the other half, you have a two over a two.

And anytime those numbers are th we have a whole number.

Probably noticed something about adding fractions together, as long as you have the same den (clearing throat) denominator (crickets chirping) - I am the Denominator.

I am the bottom number!

Sorry.

- No problem.

As long as the denominator stays the same, when you add fractions only the top number, the numerator, changes.

Did you get that?

As long as the denominator stays when adding fractions, only the top number changes.

One half plus one half equals two halves.

See?

Another example: one fourth plus one fourth, plus one fourth equals three fou The denominator, - The bottom number!

- Right!

The denominator, the bottom number, stays the same.

The numerator, - Ah, those wonderful top number - Correct.

Those wonderful top numbers add up, just like in regular addition.

One fourth plus one fourth, plus one fourth equals three fourths.

Here's another problem.

Today, I have three squirrels coming over for pecan pie.

- Oh yeah.

- This pie is cut into five equa If each of us eats one piece of how many pieces will be left?

On If you look at this as a fractio you write it like this: One whol into five pieces, is written as five fifths.

We know anytime the numerator and the denominator are the same, we have the whole Five fifths is a whole pie.

Each of us pie eaters me, and each squirrel is one fifth.

There are four of us, that's fou Five fifths minus four fifths leaves one fifth.

When adding or subtracting with anytime the denominators are the you only work with numerators.

- A numerator!

I am the top numb - I've got one more fun thing to show you about fractions.

The larger the denominator, the smaller the piece.

It sounds completely backward, but let me show you.

Let me get another pizza.

Let me cut the pizza into a few This is about one thousandth of a piece of pizza.

That denominator is a huge numbe - I am the bottom number.

But look at that, I am a huge bottom number!

- But, let me show you something Here, I have one third of a pizz The denominator for this pizza i One thousand is a much bigger number than three, but one third of a pizza is a much bigger piece than one thousandth of a pizza.

A bigger denominator is a smaller piece of the whole thing So, if someone asks, if you would like one third of a pizza or one thousandth of I'd say take one third.

I love fractions, but for some r I'm feeling really hungry.

(doorbell rings) Oh, boy!

Gotta go!

(smacking sounds) - What if you and I are kind of four tires of a car?

Each tire of our car must be cared for or our ride will be super bumpy and will send us off the road into a ditch.

Body tire, mind tire, heart tire, soul tire.

Body tire is our physical body.

We must eat right, sleep and get plenty of physical activity.

Mind tire is our intelligence.

We must learn, grow, and create.

Heart tire is our caring.

We must show kindness, sharing and love for one another.

Soul tire is our spiritual self.

Our soul is who we really are, deep, deep down inside.

All four tires must be cared for we're in for a really bumpy ride Take good care of your body, mind, heart, and soul.

Beep beep.

- Magic is creating the illusion that you can defy the laws of nature.

(upbeat music and children laugh - [Child] Wow.

Whoa.

(upbeat music and children laughing continues) (clapping and cheering) - Magic is creating the illusion that you can defy the laws of nature.

- Science is the study of how the natural world works.

This, is science.

(applause and cheering) - Today we're going to talk abou In 1676, a brilliant English professor at Oxford University in England named Robert Plott was given what looked to him, like a giant bone.

After studying it, he correctly identified it.

- This is not a rock.

I believe it is the lower part of a thigh bone.

- Yes!

- Of a giant human.

- Oh, no.

So close.

It was not a giant human bone.

It was the bone of an animal, an ancient animal.

Even though he was wrong about what the bone was, Professor Plott's misidentificat was a giant step forward.

Until this particular find, he and many people believed fossils weren't bones but just rocks that to look like parts of animals.

I wonder what Robert Plott would've thought of this guy.

- Zooterkins!

What is that?

- This is a Nodosaur.

This 18 foot long beauty was found by miners in Canada.

It's the best preserved, armored dinosaur fossil ever found.

Scientists have even been able to look inside this animal's stomach, and identify the types of plants it ate.

That's cool, right?

(growling) A fossil is definitely not just an unusually shaped rock.

Hmm.

If it's not a rock, then what is a fossil?

A fossil is any preserved body part, excrement or impression of an organism that lived in the distant past.

There are basically two types of fossils, trace fossils and body fossils.

Trace fossils are the remnants of animal behavior such as a footprint, burrow impression or bite mark.

Trace fossils show animal behavior, not the animal itself.

They can include footprints and trails, burrows and holes of animals, stomach stones, gastroliths, fossilized feces.

Coprolite, can even be used to determine where an animal lived, its diet and its relative size.

Body fossils are the remains of living things, the actual plants and animals th Within the body fossil type, there are even two subcategories unaltered body fossils and altered body fossils.

Unaltered body fossils: This is the original material of the plant or animal, unaltered, formed of stable minerals.

Shells made of calcite or aragon can be stable a long time and can become fossils, frozen.

A wooly mammoth hair can be frozen and become an unaltered body fossil.

We haven't been able to regrow dinosaurs from DNA yet, but we may be able someday to recreate mammoths from frozen That's right, there are sometimes even frozen remains of animals and plants found in ancient ice.

These are fascinating, because they show us the best picture of what life was actually like.

Can you imagine finding a whole frozen mammoth?

That would be so cool!

Mummified, dry desert air or remains from an arid cave can leave unaltered, mummified, fossils encased in amber sap covered insects, like mosquitoes or other insects.

This is amber.

It's a type of tree resin that hardens and chemically changes over time Plants, insects, microbes and even dinosaur feathers have been trapped in the resin while it was sticky and oozing out of a tree.

Dinosaur feathers?

Yep.

These fossils sometimes contain whole insects.

Low oxygen environments, tar pits and peat bogs can preserve unfortunate animals as unaltered fossils.

Altered body fossils also have subcategories that are super interesting.

Molds or cast fossils occur when an organism dies, is buried, then dissolves, leaving an open space called a m Sediments and minerals fill the open space, creating a cast of the organism.

Permineralization occurs in most fossil bones and in some plants because they are porous.

Groundwater, usually with dissolved calcite or quartz saturates the porous space.

Over time, minerals precipitate in the porous spaces, effectively cementing the organic material together.

In fossils, petrification, permineralization taken one step further: minerals fill the porous spaces and replace the organic matter.

Replacement occurs when a secondary mineral like calcite, quartz or pyrite replaces the original material sometimes even down to the atomi making a near perfect replica.

Like permineralization, it occurs as a result of water circulating through sediments as part of burial, or later, as part of weathering.

Recrystallization occurs when the crystal structure of a living organism is re-crystallized without changing its chemical compositio Clams and oysters build aragonit which recrystallize as calcite f They are sometimes quite beautif Carbonization occurs when a rock is buried and heated.

The more volatile parts of the original organic substances like oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are burned off leaving carbon rich substances b It's the most common way soft parts are preserved.

This is a type of body fossil.

These are fossils where only the carbon from the original subject remains in fossil form.

Cast or mold fossils are body fo It's easy to show how they form.

When a plant or animal ends up in sand or mud and makes an imprint, the animal or plant deteriorates, but the imprint remains.

Sometimes the imprint fills with a sediment, that then hardens, and we end up with a cast that looks like the real thing.

This is an example of a cast fossil, sometimes called an imprint foss You can see that there are lots of ways for fossils to form.

Even so, worldwide fossils can be very rare.

Most things, most things do not become fossils.

You know, it's actually really a that there are any fossils at al The conditions needed for fossils to form are pretty rare.

We will never be able to find all of the different types of animals that lived, because most of them won't have ever been fossilized.

99% of the fossils we find are sea animals, but they aren't always found where you would expect.

Because of the geological changes over huge stretches of time, there have been seashell fossils found on the top of Mount Everest.

Seems impossible, but 420 million years ago, the land that makes up Mount Eve was part of an ocean floor.

Remember, there are two types of There are trace fossils and body Body fossils are remains of livi There can be unaltered body fossils, which would include stable mineral forms like shells, frozen, mummified, amber encased or low oxygen envi There are altered body fossils, which include molds and casts, permineralization, petrification replacement, recrystallization, carbonization.

Trace fossils are evidence of animal behavior, include footprints and trails, burrows and holes, stomach stones, fossilized feces Hey, Professor Plott, I've got a cool fossil for you.

- Thanks.

What is it?

It looks a little bit like it mi - Yep, it's fossilized poo.

- Zooterkins!

Feces, you say?

- It's called coprolite.

You should smell it.

- Truly.

Truly, it does not have the odor of excrement.

- Nope, don't worry.

It's a trace fossil of poop.

A trace fossil the original material, in this case poop, has been replaced by miner millions and millions of years.

Cool.

Right?

A fossil is any preserved body part, excrement or impression of an organism that lived in the distant past.

Fossils are a glimpse into the very, very distant past of our planet, and they are pretty amazing.

(stomping) (cat meows) (jazz music begins) (chewing) (upbeat rock music begins) ♪ Biologically, chemically, atom ♪ everything is connected ♪ ♪ Everything is connected, everything is connected ♪ - Major funding for this program provided by Jason Isbell and Amanda Shires, Keep Alabama Beautiful and Northrup Grumman.

(upbeat rock music continues) ♪ Yes the ocean is deep ♪ ♪ And The sky is so high.

♪ ♪ And the Earth is so wide ♪ ♪ It's a mystery, but deep down, everyone knows ♪