- Hi, thanks for joining us for the Family Plot: Gardening in the Mid-South.

I'm Chris Cooper.

The gardening season is wrapping up and gardeners have lots of questions.

Today we're going to answer some of them.

It's the Q and A show just ahead on the Family Plot: Gardening in the Mid-South.

- (female announcer) Production funding for the Family Plot: Gardening in the Mid-South is provided by the WKNO Production Fund, the WKNO Endowment Fund, and by viewers like you, thank you.

[upbeat country music] - Welcome to the Family Plot, I'm Chris Cooper.

Every growing season brings new challenges to gardeners.

This year we have received hundreds of questions.

Today we're going to show you some that we answered but did not have time to put in the show.

Let's start with a question about getting rid of privet.

"I'm trying to get rid of Chinese privet "four feet away from a twenty-five year old oak tree.

"How do I use glyphosate but not harm the tree?

"I have 53.9% glyphosate.

"I would appreciate any advice you can give me.

Thank you," and this is Terry.

All right, so Joellen here, 53.9%.

Glyphosate is, yeah, anything above 41% is, - Is good.

- It's good, yeah.

It's gonna, it's gonna affect those privets.

- Oh, it's definitely gonna do that.

So it's gonna be good.

I usually say, you know, a three to five percent solution and that's usually about four to six fluid ounces per gallon of water.

But you and I talked about this a little bit.

So would you be concerned about using the spray next to the oak tree?

- Yes.

Because you don't know how little wind, it will take to have overdrift that would get to his other nice trees.

- Right, right.

- I would tend to want to cut, even if it's not all the way down, but at least cut, I know it, 'cause privet could be really tall.

- Yes.

- I would tend to wanna cut it down at some point and just treat the actual stumps that are left or the little bit of foliage that's left.

I don't wanna, I definitely would never spray a glyphosate above my head.

- Right, sure, sure.

- Never would do that.

- Right.

- So yeah, I would tend to cut them and kind of just very carefully apply the glyphosate to the stems.

- Right.

And you could do that with the concentrate?

- Yeah.

- Right.

You just kind of paint it on the little stomp?

- Yeah, you could.

- Yeah, okay.

Right, so if you're gonna, you know, do the foliar application, you definitely gotta be careful.

Gotta watch out for drift.

- Yeah, definitely yeah.

- If you're gonna do that, or if you're gonna do the basal technique, as Joellen mentioned.

Yeah, just make sure you read and follow the label.

I would cut it.

I would probably use the pure concentrate with a brush or something.

- Yeah.

- Brush that stem or stomp and probably, I actually, you know, make some little wounds, you know, in that wood if I could.

Yeah, just to allow the concentrate to really get down, - Yeah.

- Into that vascular system, you know of that privet.

Right, let that turgor pressure pull it on down through the root systems.

- Yeah, that's right.

- And that could work for you, Mr. Terry, but read and follow the label.

- Yeah, just be very, - Be careful.

- Don't spray above your head.

- Yeah, don't spray above your head.

Be careful.

But yeah, 53.9%.

That's fine.

You know, 3-5% solution, you know, should get it for you.

Just be careful, all right.

[upbeat country music] - "How can I get rid of kudzu?

"It arrived after Hurricane Ka trina and it is fast growing.

"It is all over my fence and lawn.

"I pull and spray, but it keeps coming back.

Thank you so much."

And this is Deb from Metairie, Louisiana.

So it's the old kudzu, we know it grows real fast.

We know half of the South is covered in Kudzu.

- I know.

It's the plant that ate the South.

- It's the plant that ate the South.

That's exactly what they say.

So this is in a, sounds like in a lawn situation.

- Yeah.

- Right, so how does she get rid of it?

- Well, I think keeping it mowed, - That's what I think.

- Just keep it mowed down.

Keep it mowed down, and it may take several years.

- Oh, it will.

- If more.

- It will.

- You know, 'cause that stuff, I think roots all the way to China.

[Chris laughs] So it's gonna just take patience and just keeping it mowed down.

And if it's coming up her fence, she can just cut those big old vines off.

And then I would just get some glyphosate and just paint it right on there.

Right on the cut the cut part of the stem.

And that'll knock it back.

- That'll knock it back.

Yeah, I'll use glyphosate or Triclopyr, you know, is another, which is old brush killer.

- Right, that'll work.

- Yeah, read and follow the label.

- Just don't get it on anything, you don't want to die.

- That's exactly right.

And I think that will help, but yeah.

You gotta be persistent.

- Oh yeah.

- Gotta be persistent.

- Yeah.

- Other than just moving away and leaving it.

[Chris laughs] Just leave it, yeah.

- Anything Mr. John, you'd like to add to that?

Old kudzu.

- I don't know, just thinking about the story of the, the people who bought a house and got rid of the kudzu and found a swimming pool [Chris and Dr. Kelly laugh] and they asked the seller, and the seller said, no, I don't know about a swimming pool.

[Chris and Dr. Kelly laugh] I don't know if it's true or not, but, - Oh, God.

- It's a great story.

- Kudzu's tough.

It will come and take over.

[upbeat country music] - "Please tell me the name of this plant.

"I have asked several people, but no one seems to know.

Is this a weed or a flower?"

And this is C. Miller.

Right, weed or flower?

I actually thought it was the old money plant.

- Yeah, it does look like that foliage.

I'm more used to seeing the stalk with the, the flowers and the seed heads on them.

But that is the foliage, that what it looks like.

- I think it's the money plant or some people call it the annual.

It's actually a biennial, but they call it the honesty, you know, plant.

- Yeah, so if he's had it before and it's not bloom, it may not bloom this year.

If it's the first time he's seen it come up.

So he may not get a stalk on it this year.

- Yeah, but it can get away from you.

- Yeah, those seeds, oh man.

- Yeah, so make sure, C. Miller, you have it in the area where it is contained because the old money plant can get away from you.

But yeah, beautiful blooms, right?

- Beautiful.

- And I understand, you know, some of the blooms are actually used in flower arrangement.

Yeah.

- Yeah, well, and then when it dries and the, I usually cut, would cut off.

- There you go.

- My mother would also do it, cut off the stalks, take, collect the seeds so they don't go everywhere.

Take the outside and there's a nice shimmering membrane on the inside and we used it as decoration in the house.

- There you go.

- So, real pretty.

- Real pretty, C. Miller, so yeah, honesty or the old money plant.

All right.

It can be a weed or flower, just depends on how you look at.

- Or where it's growing.

- And where it's growing, how about that?

[upbeat country music] - "We purchased a home a few years ago "that has two very large arborvitae in the backyard.

"They were so large, "we expected that they had reached full size.

"However they have continued to widen "and are crowding other areas in our yard.

"The largest is about 20 feet in diameter.

"Can they be pruned?

"Any tips or advice is welcome.

Thank you," Mrs. Edward from Prattville, Alabama.

So, they are large.

- Yeah, they are large.

- We appreciate the picture.

- Yes.

- Nice swimming pool there.

- Yes.

- Mrs. Edward.

So can it be pruned though?

- Well, yes they can be.

And just when they thought it was mature, you know, nothing stops growing until it's gone.

Until it's dead, so, yeah.

Even though it's reached its mature size, it can get even bigger if it's still likes it there and is doing well.

But I would prune it in the spring, 'cause that's usually when you prune evergreens like that.

But I wouldn't prune but a few inches at a time 'cause if you go back to dead wood, it, the likelihood of it coming out being the age that it is, is less.

So if you are, you can prune it.

But I would just do a few inches, so it's still green on the outside.

- Right.

Right.

Yeah, I'm with that as well.

Something I like to always mention, I would do regular annual pruning.

- Yeah.

- Right, to reduce size.

Instead of one drastic pruning.

- Oh, yes.

- Which could be the death, you know, of that tree, because yeah, it's pretty large tree.

- It's pretty large.

- It's probably been there for a long time.

Yeah, like you said, if you cut it all the way back to.

- To where it's not not green anymore, then it's gonna be less likely to to come back out.

- Right.

So regular annual pruning to reduce the size.

- Few inches.

- Right, at a time.

All right, but if you're gonna prune, again, that'll be in the spring.

- In the spring.

[upbeat country music] - "I think I planted my sumac too close to the house.

Can I move it to another location without killing it?"

This is Michelle on YouTube.

So Jessie, what do you think about that?

It's too close to the house.

- Well, I'll just say that I've been trying to get my own sumac - Oh, here we go.

- From the side of the road or the edge of a bed, I'll dig up a little sumac and I'll try and get some root.

And they never make it.

So I don't think you're gonna have good luck trying to move that sumac.

And it's really not gonna harm the foundation of your house.

Their roots aren't as strong as something like a big oak tree or something.

- Right.

- But you can just mow over if where you don't want it, maybe just mow over or clip that down.

And that's probably your best bet.

I love sumac.

- Yeah.

- One of my favorite shrubs.

- Okay.

- So, I wish I had sumac too close to my house.

[everyone laughs] - You want too close to your, that's good.

- I think with the root system it's gonna be hard to transplant it.

It's possible, but, - It's possible.

- There's no guarantee that if you move it, it's gonna survive, so.

- Yeah.

- Right plant, right place.

- Yeah, I think it's a lesson in that, right?

Because yeah, when you have little plants, right, little plants become big plants.

- Exactly.

- So you have to be aware of where you're planting them.

But yeah, the root system to me of getting that root ball is the bigger issue.

Right?

Because I, you know, I read a publication not too long ago, like for every inch diameter of a trunk, you need 16 to 24 inch root ball.

- Oh wow.

- I mean, so think about that.

So you gotta get a lot of, you know, those roots, right?

And then of course, if you wanted to try to transplant, the best time to do that would be later in the year.

- Right.

- In the fall.

- Right.

- Yeah.

- You can probably get away with it early spring, but late in the fall, it'd be a best time to do that.

- Absolutely.

- In the meantime, Jessie said it's gonna be tough.

[upbeat country music] - "My hydrangea had not bloomed in two years.

"What can I do to help them bloom?

"Should I have the soil tested, ad d a different fertilizer?

"They are lush and green and very big, but no blooms.

Should I cut them back in the fall?"

And this is Joyce from Durham, North Carolina.

So Mr. John, what do you think about that?

- Well, I know that there are hydrangeas that bloom on, on new wood and there are hydrangeas that bloom on old wood, and I just wonder if, if they're cutting at a back at the wrong time?

That's just a thought.

- And that's actually a good thought, you know?

Doc, you know this, so, - Yeah.

- Yeah, there's always questions and confusion about when the prune it back, when not.

- Well that and which hydrangea do you have?

- Which we don't know.

- There's so many out there now.

- There are so many.

- You know, they got those that bloom all the time.

There're ever blooming ones now.

So it's sometimes, that's a hard question.

- It is a hard question-- - Without knowing-- 'Cause we don't know - Exactly what it is.

- Which one it is.

- Yeah, which one it is.

- So yeah, let's just speculate a little bit.

So, of course we always say get the soil tested.

That will help.

- For sure.

- But yeah, if you just have lush green foliage and no blooms, I mean, what comes to mind though?

- I would think it was the big leaf hydrangea.

- Okay.

- You know, the one that's macrophylla.

- Okay, okay.

- You know, the one has the blue and the pink.

Because that thing sometimes can be sort of finicky about when it does bloom.

- Okay.

- I don't think we're gonna have, mine are not gonna bloom this year, because they got totally killed to the ground.

- Right.

- Right, right.

- And they're coming out with new growth.

- Right, 'cause of the, yeah 'cause of the winter freeze.

- And it's just not mature enough to have any, I don't think it will.

- Okay.

- Do y'all, have you seen any of yours with any flower buds?

- Mine haven't, no.

- Yeah.

- It's been slow, slow.

- So depending, but she's had that happening for two years.

- Yeah, it's two years though, so it's two years.

- Well maybe it's been, where is, where's that from?

- So it's Durham, North Carolina.

- Oh, okay.

- Right, so I'm thinking maybe the pruning, but yeah, so fertilizing?

- Maybe the cold.

- Maybe the cold.

That's something else to consider as well.

But yeah, anytime, yeah, I think about, you know, a lot of foliage though, and no blooms.

I always think.

- Maybe over-fertilizing.

- Over-fertilizing.

- With nitrogen, yeah.

- That's the first thing I think about.

- Yeah.

- Right.

Then too, coupled with environmental stresses that we talked about before.

- Does she say about the light, sun?

- She does not.

- So if it's real, real deep shade, you know, it's not gonna bloom as well.

- Right.

- If it got some morning sun.

- Okay.

Yeah, I'm glad you brought that up.

So they have it Ms. Joyce.

Yeah, it would help us to know, you know, which hydrangea we're talking about, but we do suspect pruning could be an issue and over fertilizing, could be one as well.

[upbeat country music] - "What are some good su bstitutes for Leyland cypress?

I know they have problems, but I want the same look."

And this is Sue from Germantown, Tennessee.

So a good substitute for Leyland cypress?

Right, so what do you think, Jessie?

- Well my first thought was an arborvitae, I've got a little baby here for you.

Has the same look.

It's evergreen, it's native, doesn't get super huge, grows pretty quickly.

- Yeah, that's very true.

- And also maybe an Eastern redcedar.

And they're gonna get pretty big, but they're both very trouble free plants.

- Yeah.

- And I love both of them.

You were talking about a few cultivars.

- Yeah, so for an arborvitae, you know, a couple that I know that grow well in this area would be Emerald is one, Green Giant is the other one.

But yeah, the Eastern redcedar, is something to consider.

Japanese cedars, you know, you consider those as well.

And then there's some others, you know, just depending on the look, you know, what you really want.

I'm thinking about there's some verbena.

- Oh.

- Viburnum.

- Viburnum, yes.

- Yeah.

Viburnum, they actually, you know, could serve as a, you know, if you using 'em for a screen.

- Right.

- Right, so there's some viburnum that I'm thinking might work in that area.

Some hollies, I just thought about.

- Yeah.

- So, Foster holly, you know, is one that I thought about.

- I was gonna say ink berry is another one.

It's a native option.

And it kind of depends too, how tall you want it.

- Yeah, how tall you want it.

- So they didn't say how tall they want it.

The Leyland cypress obviously grows really fast, - It grows really fast.

- Which can be a problem.

So I think looking into how tall you want that kind of privacy area, so.

- Yeah, do a little homework on that.

But yeah, again, you know, some hollies, you know, arborvitae, cedars, you know, there's some different options there.

And let me address this about the Leyland cypress.

The reason why we don't recommend it, I'm saying we as the Extension service, because of a disease, Seiridium canker.

Right, so that's why we always tell people don't plant a monoculture of the same plant material, because if one goes out and goes down.

- Right.

- It's hard to replace 'em at that same size.

- Right.

- Right, so, you know, we wanna stay away from those monocultures, right.

We want your lawn, you know, to have a diversity of plants, right.

Not like the farmer's field - Right.

- You know, so to speak.

So, yeah that's why we've actually taken it off our plant list because of Seiridium canker.

- Okay.

- So maybe add a couple of the options.

- Yep, I think those will be good.

So thank you, Sue.

And we do have a publication at our Extension office about, you know, screen plantings, you know, so go to uthort.com or come to your local Extension office, we'll help you out.

[upbeat country music] - "We purchased this semi-dwarf crape myrtle tree "three years ago.

"When we purchased it, it was flowering.

"It has not flowered since.

"We live in zone 10.

"The tree is in full sun and we have given it nitrogen, "epsom salt and potassium.

"What do we need to do to have flowers?

It hasn't had buds since we bought it."

And this is Charlene from Millbrae, California.

- From Zone 10, California.

- Zone 10 in California.

How about that?

So what do you think about that?

So it's not flowering.

No buds or anything.

- No buds.

Now I've had 'em do that, if they, maybe you've pruned them too severely early in the year, you know, and I know though they flower on new growth, but still, if you do any pruning during the growing season, you know you're gonna kind of delay that.

But that's kind of a mystery, you know?

And it's getting full sun, it's getting fertilizer.

- It's getting fertilizer, the thing about the fertilizer, I have a question about those, the Epsom salt.

- Ah, magnesium.

- It's magnesium.

Right.

Little bit more phosphorus, possibly would help for the flowering.

- For the flowering.

- Yeah, for the flowering, that's true.

Phosphorus is supposed to encourage the flowering.

- That's right.

So that's the question I have about is the epsom salt, the use of the epsom salt.

- So maybe they need to do a soil test.

- I would do a soil test.

- And kind of see what the nutrient levels are, if the pH is right or what.

But.

- That's exactly what I would do.

Mr. John, anything you wanna add to that?

- No, I was thinking the phosphorus.

- Yeah.

Yeah, anytime I hear flowers, I think about, you know, phosphorus, you know, we talk about Epsom salt, which is magnesium.

- Right.

- Right, so get that soil tested.

Yeah, watch the pruning though.

I mean, that's something you have to look out for.

[upbeat country music] - "All of my tomato plants are beautiful "and green and producing, but my tomatoes are not really red.

"They have streaks of yellow "and some have bruises or something.

"I had to pH test it and it was normal.

"Is there any way to correct this?

Thanks for any help that you can provide."

And this is, Jenna from Arlington, Tennessee.

Well, doc, guess what we have, an example of the question.

- Yep, yep.

- In hand.

- We got a good one here.

- Yeah, it's really good one.

This is an example of the bullseye spots that come on tomatoes when they've got anthracnose.

- Yeah.

- So that's the problem that you're gonna get.

I mean, he's not alone.

- Yeah.

- I mean, I have it on my tomatoes and I've sprayed with the fungicides and things and you're just, you know, you're just not going to get rid of something like that when it first starts.

And you got wet weather.

- Yeah.

- You know, we got rain, I think forecasted off and on for a while.

So, and the blotching that's a problem.

You know, where they don't ripen, you get this yellow kind of blotching through here and that is high humidity, high temperatures.

And I also read that if he's got lush plants, they're real green and a lot of canopy on them.

And if he's caged them and they're upright, it may be these are just not getting the sun they need to yellow, I mean to red on up.

And if he did a, I read what he said about the pH.

- Yeah.

- And I'm thinking, well did he actually get a soil test, to know if it's got the N, the P and the K?

Because something I read said lack of potassium can cause irregular ripening.

And I also read, and I didn't know this, that there are varieties that are less prone to doing this.

But I don't know if I've ever read that on the label.

Have you?

- I have not.

- So I don't know how you would find those cultivars that are less prone to the blotching and the yellow shoulders.

You know, mine have a lot of the yellow shoulders, where it just gets that old hard core.

And that's more or less the same thing going on, high temps, high humidity, you know.

- The old environmental stresses, which you can't do much about.

- Oh yeah, you can't do anything about that.

- But I would definitely mulch, you know.

- Oh yeah.

- Mulching would definitely, you know, help, maybe a little crop rotation.

Because you know, this fungus will build up, you know.

- That's true, yeah, the anthracnose, for sure.

- It will definitely will build up in the soil.

And then.

- Just yeah, hope for a good year.

- Yeah, hope for a good year.

- Hope for a good, good weather year.

Because we've had some extreme weather, so it's showing up in our vegetable gardens, and our landscapes, obviously.

You know, so.

- It definitely has.

Would you still eat this tomato?

- Yeah.

- Just cut it out?

- Shoot yeah.

I just cut that bad it place out, you know.

Birds peck mine, I just cut the bird pecks out and keep going.

- Keep going.

Yeah, I would definitely.

- Shoot, I love tomatoes, I'm not gonna let the little critters get 'em.

- I just cut that out, it's not gonna be any problem.

- Yeah, it's all right.

And then it might red up a little bit, you know, in the house or on the porch.

- It might.

- You know, put it in there with a banana or an apple or something.

- Yeah.

- Put that ethylene on it.

- Yeah, they going ripen on up.

But yeah this is a perfect example of concentric rings.

- Yeah, I mean that's good tomato.

- With the yellow streaks, so.

- Yeah, yeah, that's not, not uncommon.

- Yeah, it's not uncommon.

- Not this year anyway.

[upbeat country music] - "Our yard service put down black mulch.

"The yard looked great, but after a couple of weeks "and rain we see this ugly gross mess "around the tree in my flower beds.

"It looks like a cancer growing out of the mulch.

"And after a couple of days it turns brown, "it looks like a mess.

"Is this bad mulch or cheap mulch the workers bought?

"We paid a good price for it.

What can we do about this?"

And this is Jerry from Memphis, Tennessee.

Said he paid a good price for that.

- Yeah.

- So what do you think, Mary?

- Well, I think slime mold.

- Slime mold.

- It's a really interesting common name.

- Yeah.

- Resembles dog vomit.

- Dog vomit, yeah.

Dog vomit.

- Dog vomit is sometimes the common name.

I don't think necessarily it's bad mulch or cheap mulch.

But it's fairly common to see it in mulch.

It loves wet and hot.

Which I think he even said it rained and then it showed up.

- Yeah, rained and showed up.

- So one thing you can do is kind of dry out that mulch.

So rake it around a little bit, dry underneath where it's coming up.

But it, it's not harmful.

It'll disappear on its own as well.

- Yeah not harmful.

Get it up, rake it out, scoop it out.

You know, you're gonna see it right after the rainfall, especially in the spring.

- Definitely what not to do, is to spray it with your hose to try and break it up.

'Cause that's just adding more moisture.

- Right, right, right.

And you're spreading those spores around too, so something to think about.

But yeah, it'll go away after about a, you know, week or so.

I actually have some in my flower bed right now.

It looks gross, but it looks fun all at the same time.

- I actually saw a Nova show recently about slime molds and they have sort of an intelligence that they don't quite understand yet, the way they travel around.

So do check that out.

- Check that out about that slime mold.

The old dog vomit.

So there you go, Jerry.

Yeah, again, just feeding on decaying organic material, wich is the mulch.

- Exactly.

[upbeat country music] - "I've been having problems with chinch bugs "in my lawn.

"How can I stop them?

I tried chemical granules, but that has not worked."

And this is Welton, from Louisiana.

So the old chinch bugs.

- Yes.

- Right, right.

So what do you think about that?

- I think he's done right.

- Okay.

- But in his part of the country, chinch bugs have several, life cycles in the growing season.

So he's probably is controlling so me of the life cycles, but not the adults or what, - Not the adults.

- What's there, so.

- Yeah, yeah.

- He's gonna have to kind of do a two-pronged approach.

But I mean the granules are probably gonna work for future generations.

- That should work.

- Just not the one that's still right there.

- Yeah, very active in the summertime.

But they're also there in the fall.

End of the year.

So yeah, that's why I always say, it is always important to know life cycles, right?

The adults and the nymphs, they suck plant juice.

Right?

So they're definitely gonna be stressing the lawn out, but the granules will be fine.

You know, I know here, if you use a chemical, of course, bifenthrin is one that we do recommend and permethrin is another one.

So just make sure that you're using those and those apply for Louisiana.

- Yes.

- As well.

Check with your local Extension office there, they will have some information for you in controlling those chinch bugs.

But yeah, knowing the lifecycle is so important.

Then of course getting good coverage, you know, with your granules, right, because you have to make sure you get that down.

Make sure you get 'em watered in.

And that should do the trick for you.

And I know, you know, just from the past, you know, talking to some of the "lawn folk" like Mr. Booker T. Leigh, the Lawn guy.

Usually if you have like 25 to 30, you know, chinch bugs per square foot.

That's a lot.

They recommend treating, you know, at that point.

But yeah, just read the label, make sure you're using the right chemical and I think you'll be fine.

[upbeat country music] - "Hello, there are earwigs everywhere.

"What can I do?

How can I get rid of them?"

Anonymous from San Diego, California.

So Mary, what do you think about earwigs?

- Well, earwigs, don't get into your ears, okay.

[everyone laughs] Let's get that out there.

They're insects and they are attracted to decomposing things.

So it's possible if you have a tree that's dying or something like that, they may be attracted to it.

But they're harmless.

- Yeah, they're harmless.

- So they look a little intimidating, but totally harmless to people.

- Yeah, I think they're harmless.

They're plant decomposers is what I think they are.

Of course they have chewing mouth parts.

They have their little pinchers at the end.

- Pinchers.

- They don't hurt.

- I think some people get them in their houses.

- They do.

- And that can be an issue for some people.

But trying to keep any sort of debris that might be on the ground or under your sink or in the kitchen corner of the floor, just keeping that clean will usually get rid of the problem.

Or if you have damp areas, try and dry out, maybe a dehumidifier.

- And that's the key, right.

So we have to know a little bit about, you know, where they like to be, their environments, right?

So dark, moist environments.

So if you can correct those then, you shouldn't have a problem with them.

Yeah, 'cause I wouldn't recommend, you know, using a pesticide.

- Yeah, they're harmless.

- They're harmless.

- Yeah.

- Right.

Again, plant decomposers, they will, you know, chew on some plant material, but they're looking for a decaying plant matter.

And also dead insects.

They actually feed on dead insects.

- Oh.

- So decomposers is really important to the environment too, right?

- That's right.

- So they're recycling those things back into the soil.

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