- We were making up, in a sense, First Amendment law as we went along.

(gentle music) - You know, the First Amendment as we know it today is relatively recent, only 100 years old.

Most people think First Amendment, beginning of the Constitution.

Yes, it was there, but no Supreme Court cases interpreting it until 1919.

(gentle music) - With the First World War, and really the establishment of the First Amendment as we know it today, the most important First Amendment cases were often national security cases.

A conflict between individuals' right to speak with national security justifications offered by the government.

- So only 100 years.

And then in fact, it really only came together in the way that we understand it today in the 1960s and seventies.

- Freedom, freedom, freedom.

- The gains we've achieved in the Civil Rights Movement, we owe almost entirely to the First Amendment.

It was the ability to march, to speak, to engage in demonstrations.

(gentle music) - The Supreme Court, to the surprise of a lot of people, started saying that school children have First Amendment rights.

A kid that went to school with a black arm band protesting the war in Vietnam had a right to have it.

(gentle music) - Some of the really important cases in which we see the contemporary emergence of this conception of the First Amendment do critically involve the press.

- The great case was New York Times against Sullivan.

- Southern office holders wanted to enforce Jim Crow laws and wanted the northern press to shut up about it.

- [Reporter] In a supercharged atmosphere, the racial antagonism flared into violence.

- That's what these liable suits were designed to do, burden the press and get the New York Times and CBS News and other news organizations to stop covering the Civil Rights Movement.

And the court said, "No, we're gonna change the rules around libel, so that doesn't happen."

(gentle music) - [Lee] It was a political refashioning, one of the most exciting periods in modern history.

(gentle music)