Announcer: MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" IS PROVIDED BY... MORE THAN 40 MILLION PEOPLE WHO CARE FOR THEIR CARS AND HOMES CHOOSE STATE FARM FOR THEIR INSURANCE.

STATE FARM, A PROUD SUPPORTER OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

[CARS HONKING] CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION HEY, HELLO AGAIN.

WELCOME BACK TO "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

I'M ROY UNDERHILL.

AND WE HAVE HARDLY EVEN FINISHED OUR WHEELBARROW, AND I'M ALREADY PUTTING IT TO USE.

NOW LAST TIME WE GOT TOGETHER, WE MADE THE WHEEL FOR OUR LITTLE ENGLISH GARDEN WHEELBARROW.

WELL, NOW WE'RE GOING TO FINISH UP THE REST OF IT.

SO WE STARTED OUT THERE MAKING THE HUB OF ELLUM-- OOP--ELM.

AND THE SPOKES OF ASH, AND THE FELLIES OF ASH AND OAK.

AND NOW WE'RE GOING TO DO THE OAK FRAME AND THE ELLUM SIDEBOARDS.

AND I SAY "ELLUM."

REMEMBER, WE TALKED ABOUT "THE DEACON'S MASTERPIECE," THE WONDERFUL POEM BY OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES ABOUT MAKING THE WONDERFUL ONE-HORSE SLEIGH, A CARRIAGE THAT LASTED 100 YEARS AND A DAY.

NOW, WE'RE GONNA WORK ON OUR LITTLE ENGLISH GARDEN WHEELBARROW.

WE'VE GOT THE WHEEL DONE.

WHAT WE'RE GONNA DO NOW IS DO THE SIDES.

WE'LL DO THESE-- CALLED STANDARDS.

THESE ARE ELM PIECES THAT ARE NICELY BEVELED, AND THAT'S A BIG PART OF DOING THIS KIND OF CARRIAGE WORK.

AND WE'LL DO THE FRAME DOWN THERE, WHICH IS ALL OUT OF OAK.

ALL RIGHT.

WE'RE GONNA GET STARTED BY-- LET'S JUST TAKE THIS THING APART HERE.

SO WE'RE TAKING OUT THE ELM BOARDS ON THE INSIDE, AND WE'LL HAVE TO SEE HOW TO BEVEL FIT THESE PIECES IN.

WE'LL TAKE THIS ONE OUT HERE, AND TAKE OUT THAT BOTTOM BOARD.

SO THESE ARE ALL WONDERFUL ELM PLANKS.

WE'LL SEE HOW TO FIT THOSE IN.

HERE'S OUR BACKBOARD.

IT'S SET IN A LITTLE DADO.

WE'LL SEE HOW TO DO THAT.

OUR SIDES ARE CUT OUT, AGAIN, OF ONE BOARD OF ELM.

RUNNING OUT OF ROOM.

BOY, EVERYTHING JUST COMES APART.

AND NOW WE'RE DOWN TO THE FRAME, AND YOU'LL SEE THIS OAK FRAME HERE, AND THAT'S SO SIMPLE.

WE WON'T SPEND MUCH TIME ON IT, BUT I DO WANT TO TAKE A LOOK AGAIN AT THE WHEEL AND HOW WE MADE THIS WHEEL.

LAST TIME WE PUT A LOT OF EFFORT INTO GETTING THAT TOGETHER.

AND I TELL YOU, I THINK THAT'S ONE OF THE BEST REASONS TO MAKE A WHEELBARROW LIKE THIS IS YOU GET A CHANCE TO MAKE A WHEEL, WHICH IS A VERY COOL THING TO MAKE.

AND YOU'LL SEE WE HAVE, AGAIN, THE OAK HUB, ASH SPOKES, ASH FELLIES, THEY'RE CALLED, IN THE TIRE.

WE MIGHT PICK UP ON AFTER WE'VE GOT THE THING TOGETHER, AND JUST LOOK AT FITTING THE TIRE ON AGAIN.

WE DID THAT BY HEATING IT.

AND I'M GONNA SAY ALSO, ALL OF THIS COMES FROM A WONDERFUL BOOK BY BERNARD JONES, "THE COMPLETE WOODWORKER."

THIS IS ONE OF THOSE TURN OF THE CENTURY BOOKS, VICTORIAN ENGLISH BOOKS, ON HOW TO MAKE EVERYTHING OUT OF WOOD.

THAT'S WHERE THIS ENGLISH GARDEN WHEELBARROW COMES FROM.

WELL, LET'S LOOK AT THE WAY THIS WHEEL IS FUNCTIONING.

IT'S GOT A LITTLE BEARING THERE THAT FITS INSIDE THE FRAME OF THE WHEELBARROW, AND THEN WHAT'S CALLED A GUDGEON OR... A TRUNION, SOMETIMES.

IT SEEMS LIKE PEOPLE JUST MAKE UP THESE WORDS HERE.

SOME HUB BANDING RIGHT THERE.

BUT ANYWAY, HERE THE AXEL-- INSTEAD OF GOING THROUGH AND THE WHEEL TURNING ON THE AXEL, THE AXEL IS A PART OF THIS AND RUNS IN THIS BRONZE BEARING.

YOU GET THESE AT--JUST HARDWARE STORES WILL HAVE THIS.

BUT FIRST WE'VE GOT A FEW MORE THINGS TO DO BEFORE WE GET TO PUTTING OUR TRUNIONS, OUR GUDGEONS INTO THE WHEEL.

HERE I'VE GOT A WHEEL LAID UP AS WE DID LAST TIME, AND YOU JUST DO YOUR FINAL BIT PULLING IT TOGETHER, WORKING AS IT'S CLAMPED UP TO PLANE IT DOWN.

GIVE IT A LITTLE MORE IRON ON THAT.

PLANING IT DOWN...

LEVELING THE SURFACES.

SO WE GET IT SO IT'S VERY VERY TIGHT IN THERE, AND WE'LL HAVE TO BRING THAT PART DOWN.

WE WANT TO BRING IT AROUND EVEN ALL THE WAY BECAUSE I WANT TO MEASURE FOR THE TIRE NOW.

SO WE'RE GONNA HAVE TO FIT A TIRE THAT GOES ALL THE WAY AROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE, AND OF COURSE WELDED UP THAT'S JUST SMALL ENOUGH UNDER THE SIZE THAT WHEN WE HEAT IT, IT WILL EXPAND, WE CAN DROP IT ON, AND THEN AS IT COOLS, IT SHRINKS AND HOLDS THIS WHEEL TOGETHER.

SO THE TIRE HOLDS TOGETHER.

THINK OF IT AS THE TIRE--LIKE TIRE...

IT IS THE TIE-ER, LIKE THAT'S A JOB.

I AM THE TIE-ER.

SO HOW DO YOU GET THAT MEASUREMENT RIGHT?

WELL, THERE'S--ON A BIG WHEEL, YOU THINK ABOUT IT, A WAGON WHEEL, YOU'LL USE WHAT'S CALLED A TRAVELER.

NOW A TRAVELER, A GREAT NAME-- YOU SEE THESE THINGS AROUND AND SAY, "WHAT THE HECK IS THAT?"

THIS SMALL WHEEL, SOMETIMES WITH GRADATIONS ON IT.

DOESN'T HAVE TO HAVE THE INCH MARKS THAT THIS ONE HAS.

IT CAN JUST BE PLAIN, JUST A WOODEN WHEEL, ACTUALLY.

AND IT GOES AROUND LIKE THIS.

SO YOU START AT YOUR ZERO POINT, BUT REMEMBER WHERE YOUR ZERO POINT IS, AND YOU WALK THE WHEEL ALL THE WAY AROUND...

COUNTING THE REVOLUTIONS.

SO THERE'S ONE.

SEE, OUR POINTER HAS COME BACK TO ONE.

KEEP GOING.

WALK IT ALL THE WAY-- OH, IT SLIPPED A LITTLE BIT, SO WE HAVE TO DO THIS TWICE.

AGAIN, WALK IT ALL THE WAY AROUND.

OH, DON'T WALK UP ON THE SPOKE.

THAT HAS TO BE TRIMMED OFF.

ALL RIGHT.

THIS IS ONE OF THOSE "YOU GET THE IDEA" THING, 'CAUSE THAT SLIPPED WAY TOO MUCH TO BE ACCURATE.

THEN YOU SET THAT THERE, SO NOW YOU KNOW 2 REVOLUTIONS PLUS THAT DISTANCE, SO YOU DO THIS WITH CHALK.

NOW ON A BIG 6-FOOT WAGON WHEEL, THAT'S WHEN YOU'RE GONNA NEED THIS, 'CAUSE THEN YOU GET YOUR TIRE IRON.

NOW LET ME GET THIS OUT OF THE WAY HERE.

SEE, THE THING ABOUT A BIG WAGON WHEEL-- BOY, THIS IS--THIS IS REALLY SOMETHING.

SO NOW YOU TAKE YOUR TRAVELER.

AGAIN, START AT THE ZERO POINT.

START AT THE ZERO AND COUNT OUT 1...2, PLUS DOWN TO THAT INDICATOR RIGHT THERE, AND THAT IS YOUR ZERO POINT.

SO YOU CUT THAT OFF, AND THEN MAKE IT A LITTLE BIT SHORTER TO GIVE YOU THE SHRINKAGE DISTANCE, AND THERE YOU GO.

NOW, ON A SMALL GARDEN WHEELBARROW, ALL YOU REALLY NEED TO DO IS CUT YOUR METAL.

YOU BUY YOUR STRAP IRON-- MORE ABOUT THAT IN A SECOND HERE-- THIS 1/8-INCH THICK, INCH AND 3/4 OR 2-INCH WIDE, AND ROLL YOUR WHEEL DOWN IT ONCE THE ENDS OF THE SPOKES ARE DONE AND YOU FIND THAT SAME STOPPING POINT--BOOMP--RIGHT THERE, AND THEN YOU CUT IT OFF.

ALL RIGHT.

SO, THAT'S THE EASY WAY TO DO IT.

NOW YOU'VE GOT TO BEND IT TO GO AROUND HERE.

YOU KNOW, THERE'S 2 KINDS OF STEEL YOU'RE GONNA BE ABLE TO FIND.

THERE IS COLD ROLLED AND THERE IS HOT ROLLED.

AND THERE IS A BIG DIFFERENCE, AND I WILL SHOW YOU.

HERE IS THE HOT--I'M SORRY, COLD-ROLLED STEEL.

AND COLD ROLLED, ALL THAT MEANS IS THAT THE STEEL WAS ROLLED OUT COLD THROUGH THESE BIG ROLLERS, COMPRESSING IT AND FLATTENING IT.

AND IT IS STIFF STUFF.

THE WAY YOU HAVE TO BEND IT IS EITHER IN A VICE OR LIKE THIS WITH A HAMMER HERE.

I HAVE A CROSS-PEEN HAMMER.

I'M USING THE STEP ON THE ANVIL AND STRIKING IN THERE, MOVING IT ALONG, STRIKING RIGHT IN THERE, AND BENDING IT BIT BY BIT, 'CAUSE COLD-ROLLED STEEL IS STIFF, HARD STUFF.

YOU JUST GOTTA WORK IT DOWN TO GET IT TO THE RIGHT SHAPE AND SIZE.

AND WE'LL JUST CUT OFF THE EXCESS IF YOU'RE GONNA JUST BEND IT AND TRY IT THAT WAY.

ANOTHER WAY TO DO IT: JUST WRAP IT AROUND AND BEND IF ALL.

AND I SAY JUST WRAP IT AROUND.

WELL, THAT IS SOMETHING YOU CAN DO IF YOU HAVE-- GET HOT-ROLLED STEEL.

'CAUSE HERE'S SOME HOT-ROLLED STEEL.

AGAIN, THE SAME DIMENSION, AND YOU CAN BEND IT JUST LIKE YOU ARE THE MAN OF STEEL HIMSELF THERE.

JUST BEND IT AROUND.

HOT ROLLED IS EASY EASY TO WORK WITH.

SO YOU JUST BEND THAT AROUND, WRAP IT AROUND, CUT IT OFF SHORT, AND WELD IT UP.

THERE YOU GO.

OK.

SO, THAT'S OUR STEEL WORK.

THEN WE SHRINK IT ON.

NOW WE'VE GOT OUR WHEEL.

I GOTTA PUT THE GUDGEON IN THERE.

NOW THAT'S, AGAIN, GOTTA BE VERY PRECISE.

THAT'S THAT AXEL--WE'LL PUT THAT AXEL THROUGH THERE.

I DON'T KNOW IF IT IS PROPERLY AN AXEL, BUT YOU FIND THIS A LOT IN MILL WORK, WHEN PEOPLE ARE TALKING ABOUT DOING MILL GEARS.

YOU USE GUDGEONS.

AND IT'S GOT, OF COURSE, BE STRAIGHT THROUGH HERE.

SO HERE OUR PROBLEM TO SOLVE NOW IS HOW DO WE GET THIS--THIS STUB AXEL COMING OUT EXACTLY IN LINE?

WE DON'T WANT TO HAVE IT COCKED SO THAT IT'S ALWAYS WEARING AND MESSING THINGS UP.

IT'S GOTTA BE EXACTLY ON THE SAME AXIS, 90 DEGREES TO THE OUTSIDE.

SO HOW DO WE DO THAT?

MAKE OUR LITTLE SPACE STATION HERE BY CLAMPING A GUIDE EXACTLY PARALLEL TO THE SIDE OF OUR HUB, WHICH IS STILL SQUARE IN THIS CASE.

SO VERY EASY TO DO THAT.

I'VE CLAMPED A GUIDE ON HERE, AND THEN USE A VERY LONG BIT.

YOU SEE HOW LONG THIS BIT IS.

THIS IS AN ELECTRICIAN'S BIT, AND IT IS THE THING TO USE BECAUSE IT IS SO LONG, YOU CAN TELL THERE'S AN ERROR.

IF YOU HAVE A LITTLE SHORT BIT, YOU CAN'T TELL IF IT'S REALLY LEANING OVER ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER.

BUT HERE YOU HAVE SOMETHING YOU CAN SIGHT DOWN, AND LOOK AT THAT GUIDE POST YOU HAVE THERE, AND SEE IF YOU'RE GOING STRAIGHT DOWN.

SO YOU JUST BORE ON IN THROUGH THE ELM--THROUGH THIS DRY ELM, WHICH IS REALLY NEAT AND INTERESTING TO WORK.

I THINK ELM WOULD BE FRUSTRATING IF YOU HAD TO WORK IT ALL THE TIME, BUT AS THEY CHANGE, IT'S QUITE DIFFERENT.

SO YOU BORE ON DOWN, AND THEN-- WE'LL SEE IF I'VE GOT MY-- WHERE HAVE IT GOT IT?

ANYWAY, HERE IT IS.

YOU SNEAKY LITTLE BIT.

HERE YOU GO.

WE'LL TAKE THIS PIECE, THIS BOLT-- THIS IS JUST 1/2 INCH LAG SCREW OR LAG BOLT.

SCREW IT IN THERE.

SO WE'D PUT A WRENCH ON TOP AND CRANK IT ON DOWN-- JUST PUT A WRENCH ON IT AND CRANK IT STRAIGHT ON DOWN IN THERE, AND THEN SAW OFF THE HEAD AFTER WE HAVE CRANKED IT ON IN.

SO THAT'S HOW YOU GET YOUR GUDGEON, YOUR TRUNION, INTO THE END OF YOUR AXEL.

SO THAT'S REALLY JUST A LAG BOLT, A LAG SCREW, PUT IN THERE AND CUT OFF.

ALL RIGHT.

SO LET'S GO AHEAD AND PUT THAT TOGETHER.

WE'LL JUST ASSEMBLE OUR WHEELBARROW AS WE GO.

AND, AGAIN, YOU CAN JUST GO TO THE HARDWARE STORE AND FIND THESE BEARINGS THERE IN THE SPECIALTY HARDWARE SECTION.

AND LET'S SEE, THIS IS A BRONZE BEARING GOING IN THERE.

BRONZE SLEEVE BEARING.

SLIP THAT IN SO IT'S SUNK.

THEN SET THE GUDG-- OH, LET'S SEE.

LET'S PUT THE WASHER ON THERE.

PUT THIS BRONZE WASHER.

THAT'S GREAT.

NOW, THE OTHER THING, OF COURSE, YOU'RE GONNA FIND AT THE HARDWARE STORE IS THE--ARE THOSE BOLTS, THE LAG BOLTS.

THERE'S OUR WASHER ON THAT SIDE.

A LOT OF THINGS I'M MANIPULATING.

AND ALSO THE WAY YOU PUT THE FRAME TOGETHER.

THE CARRIAGE BOLTS-- NOW I'VE GOT A CARRIAGE BOLT-- LET'S SEE, AM I LINED UP?

SO I'M JUST GONNA HAVE TO WHACK IT.

NOT MADE TO HINGE IN, BUT MAYBE I CAN KIND OF TURN IT LIKE THAT.

NO, I CAN'T.

I'M GONNA WHACK IT WITH SOMETHING.

WHAT HAVE I GOT?

HERE'S A MALLET.

THE PERFECT THING.

THERE WE GO.

NOW, IT'S IN.

HERE WE GO, AND HERE'S THE CARRIAGE BOLT.

NOW CARRIAGE BOLTS, OF COURSE, HAVE--THEY'RE THREADED ALONG THEIR LENGTH, BUT THEY ALSO HAVE THIS SQUARE SECTION AT THE END RIGHT HERE, RIGHT UNDER THAT SMOOTH HEAD.

SO THAT KEEPS THE BOLT FROM TURNING WHEN IT GOES INTO THE SOCKET.

SO WE CAN GO RIGHT DOWN THROUGH THERE, AND THAT SQUARE WILL KEEP IT FROM TURNING AS WE TIGHTEN THE NUT ON THE BOTTOM, SO THAT HOLDS THESE 2 PIECES TOGETHER.

HERE'S THE PART HOLDING THE BEARING, AND THERE'S OUR-- THERE'S OUR WHEEL.

YOU CAN SEE WHEN WE HOLD IT TOGETHER WITH THE CARRIAGE BOLT, IT DOESN'T SEPARATE LIKE THAT.

ALL RIGHT.

SO MUCH OF THE FRAME-- AND REALLY, LOOK AT THE FRAME.

HERE IT IS.

THIS OAK-- USING WHITE OAK FOR THE FRAME FOR ITS STRENGTH.

BUT THEN THERE'S ANOTHER KIND OF STRENGTH WE'RE LOOKING FOR IN THE STANDARDS.

THESE STANDARDS ARE CURVED.

THIS ONE CANTS OUT TO THE SIDE, SO IT GOES DOWN AND THEN STRAIGHT.

YOU SEE BOTH OF THESE.

HERE'S ONE THAT JUST GOES ON THE FRONT.

IT DOESN'T GO DOWN TO MAKE A LEG.

HERE'S ONE THAT GOES DOWN ALL THE WAY.

SO WE NEED CURVED STRENGTH.

NOW YOU CAN EITHER CHOOSE A PIECE OF WOOD THAT HAS THE GRAIN INSIDE THERE-- YOU KNOW, IT'S CURVED ALREADY IN THE GRAIN-- WHICH TRYING TO-- WE USE WOOD THAT HAS-- IT'S SO INTERLOCKED WITH THE GRAIN, IT'S REALLY NOT GONNA SPLIT RIGHT THROUGH HERE, AND THAT, OF COURSE, IS ELM.

ELM IS GREAT FOR THIS WORK.

SO THAT'S WHAT WE'RE GONNA USE TO MAKE ONE OF THE STANDARDS.

AND IF YOU'RE INTERESTED AT ALL IN DOING THIS KIND OF WORK, YOU'VE GOT TO GET A COPY OF AN OLD BOOK, GEORGE STURT'S BOOK, "THE WHEELWRIGHT'S SHOP."

AND IT'S JUST WONDERFUL.

ENGLISH FELLA, HE'S OFF IN COLLEGE IN LONDON, AND HIS FATHER GOT SICK, AND HE HAD TO GO BACK TO THIS LITTLE TOWN IN SOUTH OF ENGLAND AND RUN THE FATHER'S WHEELWRIGHT SHOP.

AND HE REALIZES, ABOUT 1920, 1910, HE'S REALIZING THAT BOY, THIS IS THE LAST OF A TIME.

SO HERE I'M CUTTING OUT A STANDARD-- THIS SHAPE RIGHT HERE-- OUT OF SOME ELM.

AND HE WROTE ABOUT CUTTING AND SAWING, AND LOOKING AT THE WORK FROM A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE, BUT REALLY ADMIRING THE WORKMEN AND THIS LOST TIME.

REALLY VALUING THEIR WORK AS WELL AS EXPLAINING IT TO YOU A LOT.

WELL, LET'S SEE.

MY JOINTS ARE NOT GONNA CONNECT HERE, AND I SHOULD HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT MY CUT RATHER THAN TALKING, SO NOW I'VE GOT TO COME BACK FROM THE OTHER SIDE AND STRAIGHTEN THAT UP.

I'M TALKING ABOUT PRECISION INSTEAD OF DOING IT.

AND, AS I SAY, ELM IS SO HARD TO SPLIT, IT'LL BE VERY HARD, EVEN THOUGH BOTH THOSE CUTS ARE MADE, TO TAKE OUT THAT LAST LITTLE BIT RIGHT THERE, BUT LET'S SEE IF I CAN DO IT.

[GRUNTING] THERE WE GO.

OK.

SO YOU CAN SEE IT'S PRETTY DARN TOUGH.

BUT THERE'S OUR PIECE THAT WE WANT RIGHT THERE.

THAT'S OUR STANDARD.

SO NOW WE CAN START TO TRIM IT DOWN, AND THIS IS A PART THAT STURT WROTE ABOUT THAT THE FARMERS, YOU KNOW THESE GUYS ARE RUNNING RIGHT ON THE EDGE.

SO SOME OF THE FARMERS WOULD TRY AND ECONOMIZE BY SAYING, "NO, NO, NO.

I DON'T WANT WANT THIS CHAMFERED.

"I DON'T WANT THIS SMOOTHED DOWN.

YOU'RE JUST TRYING TO MAKE ME PAY FOR YOUR FANCY WORK."

WELL, THIS STEP THAT WE'RE GONNA DO RIGHT NOW IS THE SAME.

BOY, THE MORE YOU NEGLECT THIS, YOU PAY FOR IN HORSE FLESH, AS HE SAID.

BUT LET'S TRY PLANING THIS LITTLE SURFACE RIGHT HERE THAT WE JUST SAWED, AND SEE HOW IT DOES IN THE ELM.

AND YOU'LL SEE ELM HAS-- THIS PIECE IS BEHAVING PRETTY WELL-- THE GRAIN IS INTERLOCKED TO SUCH A DEGREE THAT THIS-- THE GRAIN IS FLOWING WITH ME IN THIS PART, AND IT'S FLOWING AGAINST ME IN THIS PART.

SO IT'S REALLY TOUGH TO WORK.

SO WHAT YOU END UP DOING IN ELM, OFTEN, IS HAVING TO USE THINGS LIKE A SCRAPER-- I'VE GOT A CABINET SCRAPER, AND WE BRING IT DOWN LIKE THAT... WITH A CABINET SCRAPER, BUT IT'S STILL JUST TEARING UP.

SO THAT'S THE STRENGTH OF ELM IS THAT KIND OF INTERLOCKED, INTERWOVEN GRAIN, BUT THAT'S ALSO WHAT MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO WORK WITH.

IT'S GOING ALL DIRECTIONS AT ONCE.

ALL RIGHT.

THAT'S ALMOST DOWN.

WE DO THIS.

I'LL GO AHEAD AND WORK ON THIS PIECE, AND WE'LL LOOK AT THE CHAMFERING, AND WE'LL LOOK AT IT ON THE ALMOST FINISHED WHEELBARROW FIRST JUST TO LET YOU SEE WHAT I'M TALKING ABOUT.

IT'S THIS BUSINESS RIGHT HERE.

AND ON ENGLISH WAGONS, YOU KNOW, IT'S JUST WONDERFUL.

YOU SEE THIS KIND OF REMOVAL OF THE CORNERS RIGHT THERE.

SEE HOW THAT GOES AROUND THE BOLT?

SO IT'S FULL-STRENGTH RIGHT THERE, AND JUST WHAT STRENGTH IT NEEDS UP FROM THIS POINT ON.

SO THIS IS THE BEVELING I'M TALKING ABOUT.

SO WE'LL TAKE JUST A LITTLE BIT OF A LOOK AT THAT.

THAT JUST REMOVES THE WEIGHT AND GIVES SUCH A GRACE TO THESE PIECES.

HERE WE GO.

ALL RIGHT.

SO THIS IS ONE THAT'S STARTED.

LET'S DO THIS ONE.

AND I WILL START DOWN THE GRAIN RIGHT HERE.

SO HERE'S THE TERMINUS OF THE BEVEL, IF YOU KNOW WHAT I MEAN.

THAT'S WHERE THE END OF THIS WORK COMES TO.

AND I SHOULD HAVE A-- GOSH, WHAT A JUMBLE-- A CHISEL HERE.

SO START WITH A CHISEL, AND START TO WORK THAT IN, ALL RIGHT.

AND GOSH, I'VE GONE AHEAD AND DONE THIS WITHOUT MARKING.

LET ME SEE IF I HAVE MY PENCIL HERE.

'CAUSE I REALLY DO WANT IT-- WHEN YOU'RE DOING IT FREE HAND, AND I AM GONNA DO IT FREE HAND TO START, YOU WANT TO TAKE THE PENCIL, HOLD IT WITH YOUR FINGERS LIKE THAT, AND PULL IT ALONG AND MARK IT.

SEE THE BOUNDS OF IT.

AND THEN DOWN HERE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO NOW WE'VE GOT THE PENCIL.

YOU DON'T WANT TO USE A SCRATCH ALL ALONG THERE BECAUSE THAT WOULD, OF COURSE, SHOW IN THE FINISHED WORK RIGHT THERE.

SO THERE WE ARE.

WE'VE GOT IT.

BRING DOWN A NICE TERMINUS DIGGING IN WITH THE BEVEL DOWN OF THE CHISEL, AND THEN START TO WORK IT OUT THE REST OF THE WAY.

YOU SEE I'M ALREADY-- MY GRAIN IS DIVING.

SO I HAVE TO TURN IT AROUND.

YOU SEE HOW THE GRAIN WAS KIND OF PULLING IN?

IN ELM, IT'S--YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT IT'S GONNA DO NEXT.

LET'S SEE.

COME DOWN HERE.

ALL RIGHT, SO THAT WORKS WELL WITH A CHISEL.

AND DO IT DOWN TO THAT LINE.

SOME VERY WELL-BEHAVED ELM.

ANOTHER WAY YOU CAN DO IT IS, OF COURSE, TO USE THE MORE TRADITIONAL TOOL IS A DRAW KNIFE, THIS 2-HANDED BLADE HERE, AND PULL IT DOWN.

YOU SEE AGAIN IT'S DIGGING.

IT'S DIGGING THERE.

YOU CAN TAKE LONGER STROKES, BUT YOU GOTTA BE CAREFUL.

NOW SEE, I TORE PAST IT.

ALL RIGHT, SO THERE'S A PROBLEM BECAUSE THE BLADE GOT DRAWN IN.

ALL RIGHT.

BUT THE DRAW KNIFE, ANOTHER GREAT WAY TO DO THAT BEVELING.

IF THAT'S NOT RIGHT, ALL RIGHT, WE'LL GO TO A SPOKESHAVE.

HERE IS A 2-IRON SPOKESHAVE, ONE FOR ROUNDED THINGS AND ONE FOR FLAT THINGS.

BUT AGAIN, TEARING UP A LITTLE BIT.

WE'LL WORK IT DOWN.

ALL RIGHT.

SO WHAT ARE WE GONNA DO?

WELL, THERE'S A FINAL TO AVOID.

IF YOU DO, YOU CAN WORK THIS DOWN SMOOTH, IT'S FINE.

YOU JUST HAVE TO BE CAREFUL.

I DON'T IMPLY THAT YOU HAVE TO HAVE ONE OF THESE, BUT IF YOU'RE DOING A LOT OF CHAMFERING, THIS IS A CHAMFER DRAW-- A SPOKESHAVE.

YOU CAN SEE IT HAS THE 2 LITTLE FENCES RIGHT THERE THAT'LL HOLD IT ON THE SHOULDER, AND IT'S ALSO ROUNDED ON THE BOTTOM SO THAT IT WILL GO IN AND COME OUT.

SO LET'S SEE HOW THIS WORKS.

NOW, YOU DON'T NEED YOUR PENCIL BECAUSE IT'S GOING TO STOP AT THE DEPTH YOU SET IT FOR.

YOU JUST HAVE TO KIND OF ROCK IT TO GET IT CUTTING, AND IT WILL STOP AUTOMATICALLY AT THE PROPER DEPTH, AND BECAUSE IT'S ROUNDED, YOU CAN GET DOWN HERE AT THIS START AND CLEAR IT OUT.

AND NOW--AND SEE, NOW THE ELM IS STARTING TO MISBEHAVE LIKE I KEPT TALKING IT WAS GONNA DO.

HERE WE ARE.

AND THE DRIER THIS GETS, THE BETTER A JOB YOU'RE GONNA DO.

ALL RIGHT, SO NOW I'VE GOT IT TOTALLY BOOGERED UP THERE, SO AGAIN, WHAT DO WE DO?

WE GO BACK TO THE CABINET SCRAPER AND VERY QUICKLY TAKE THAT DOWN.

'CAUSE THE CABINET SCRAPER WILL FIGHT ITS WAY THROUGH ANY GRAIN.

ALL RIGHT.

LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT THAT WITH A LITTLE BIT BETTER LOOK ON THE SIDE THAT I TOOK A LITTLE MORE CARE ON.

SO THERE YOU GO.

THAT'S THE CHAMFER.

LET'S GO AHEAD AND FIT ALL THAT TOGETHER NOW.

AAH.

ALL RIGHT.

SO, WE'VE GOTTA DO-- OUR NEXT THING IS THE SIDES.

AND AGAIN, I SAY THIS IS OUT OF THE BOOK BY BERNARD JONES CALLED "THE COMPLETE WOODWORKER."

IT'S AN OLD TURN OF THE CENTURY BOOK.

AND HE HAS A PICTURE OF IT, A DRAWING, THAT SHOWS THE CURVE OF THESE SIDES.

SO HOW DO YOU GET THAT CURVE?

WELL, THAT IS A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE OF GRID WORK.

TAKE THE DRAWING, ANY DRAWING THAT YOU HAVE, AND PUT A SQUARE GRID ON IT.

NOW, SEE THE THING IS HE HAD THIS BIG BOARD-- THIS IS A BIG WIDE BOARD MAYBE 15-INCHES WIDE.

I ONLY HAD 13 INCHES, SO I TOOK THE GRID AND TRANSFERRED IT TO MY 13-INCH BOARD AND MADE THE SAME NUMBER OF BOXES--1, 2, 3.

1, 2, 3.

BUT HERE YOU CAN SEE THEY'RE SQUATTER ON THIS THING.

THEY ARE SQUAT.

THIS IS NOT THE SAME DISTANCE FROM HERE TO HERE.

SO THESE ARE KIND OF SQUAT.

I JUST SCALED IT DOWN.

AND THEN I START FINDING POINTS.

I KNOW THIS POINT RIGHT HERE, THIS START IS RIGHT THERE.

THIS POINT RIGHT HERE IS RIGHT THERE AND THERE.

SO THAT'S THE ARC OF THIS CURVE RIGHT THERE.

SO--AND THIS IS OLD STUFF.

YOU SEE, THE PEOPLE USED TO DO THIS ALL THE TIME.

I JUST WORRY THAT IT'S A TECHNIQUE THAT GOT LOST-- TRANSFERRING THAT GRID-- AND THEN WE KNOW WE HAVE THIS POINT RIGHT HERE AND THIS POINT RIGHT HERE IN THE GRID, SO THAT'S GONNA BE-- GET MY SQUARE-- THAT'S GONNA BE THIS STRAIGHT LINE.

SO THAT'S HOW--JUST DO THAT VERY SIMPLE THING OF TRANSFERRING THOSE DIMENSIONS ON UP.

ALL RIGHT.

FROM THE GRID-- SO BOX, BOX, THERE YOU GO.

FIT IT OUT.

AND THEN SAW IT OUT WITH YOUR BOW SAW.

SO USE THE BOW SAW TO CUT DOWN AND DO THAT NICE FRAME.

ALL RIGHT.

SO NOW WE'VE GOT A COUPLE OF WAYS OF HOLDING THE INTERNAL PIECES.

THERE'S SOME THAT GO IN WITH A GROOVE BACK HERE.

I'M NOT GONNA WORRY ABOUT THAT.

I WANT TO JUST START WITH THE FRONT HERE AND GET YOU A QUICK SENSE OF HOW YOU FIT THESE, 'CAUSE IF YOU LIKE DOING SHIPWORK, BOATWORK, THIS IS FOR YOU TO START WITH A WHEELBARROW.

'CAUSE YOU CAN SEE ALL THESE TRAPEZOIDS AND CURVES AND SHAPES.

LET'S SEE.

THAT'S THE BACK.

I DON'T WANT THAT YET.

HERE'S THE FLOOR.

AND AGAIN, IT GOES THIS WAY.

THEY'RE BACKWARDS FROM THE WAY I TOOK IT APART.

I WANT YOU TO SEE HOW YOU FIT A PIECE LIKE THIS ONE.

RIGHT HERE WE'VE GOT A PIECE TO GO IN, AND FIT THERE, AND IT'S BEVELED ON THIS SIDE-- BOTH ON THE END GRAIN AND BEVELED OUT LIKE THAT, SO HOW ARE YOU GONNA FIT THAT?

WELL, THE TOOLS ARE PRETTY SIMPLE, BUT THE THING IS YOU WANT TO WORK YOUR WAY INTO IT.

SO YOU START WITH A PAIR OF STICKS LIKE THIS AND MEASURE THE BOTTOM.

ALL RIGHT, SEE THESE ARE EXPANDING STICKS.

SO YOU GET UP THERE AND MEASURE THE BOTTOM, AND THEN WORK A LITTLE OVERSIZE.

GET YOUR BEVELS THIS WAY.

AND BETWEEN THIS, GETTING YOUR BASELINE AND YOUR BEVELS THAT GO THAT WAY, AND YOUR BEVELS THAT GO THIS WAY, YOU CAN START FITTING IN THIS PIECE.

BUT THEN ONCE IT'S IN, START USING YOUR SCRIBE TO BRING IT DOWN.

SO THIS RIDES ALONG THIS LITTLE DIVIDER, RIDES DOWN THE SIDE, AND WILL HELP YOU FIT THIS, WORK IT IN.

SO AGAIN, CUT IT OVERSIZE AND THEN WORK DOWN TO IT.

SO WE'RE NOW READY TO PUT IN THE REST OF OUR BOTTOM.

THESE WONDERFUL-- BEAUTIFUL ELM BOARDS.

I FEEL REALLY PRIVILEGED TO WORK WITH THEM.

THIS ONE GOES IN THE FRONT.

AND THEN WE PUT THIS ONE IN THE BACK.

IT JUST SITS IN A DADO IN THE BACK, AND THERE IS OUR ENGLISH GARDEN WHEELBARROW.

AND NOW THAT I BROUGHT ALL THAT PRODUCE IN, I GUESS I BETTER LOAD THEM BACK IN AND TAKE THEM BACK TO THE FARMER.

HEY, THANKS FOR JOINING ME.

THIS HAS BEEN ROY UNDERHILL HERE IN "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.

SO LONG.

Announcer: TO LEARN MORE ABOUT "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" AND TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING, VISIT PBS ON-LINE.

YOU CAN FIND US AT... CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION CAPTIONED BY THE NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE --www.ncicap.org-- Announcer: MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" IS PROVIDED BY... WE ARE PBS.

Announcer: ROY UNDERHILL IS THE AUTHOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" AND OTHER BOOKS ABOUT TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS AND AVAILABLE AT BOOKSTORES AND LIBRARIES.